ÕªÒª£ºµØÇò±í²ãµÄÍÁÈÀ³Á»ýÎï¼Ç¼Á˵ÚËļÍÒÔÀ´ÓëÆøºò¡¢»·¾³¡¢ÈËÀàµÈÓйصĵØÇòÑÝ»¯ÐÅÏ¢, ÊÇÖØÒªµÄÑо¿¹ýÈ¥ÀúÊ·µÄÔØÌå.³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÍÁÈÀµÄÖî¶àÌØÐÔ¶¼Óë³ÉÍÁÆÚµÄÆøºò»·¾³ÐÅϢϢϢÏà¹Ø, ͨ¹ýµØÖÊѧÑо¿·½·¨¿ÉÒÔÌáȡijЩÌØÐÔ²¢×÷Ϊ·´Ñݷ绯ǿ¶ÈÒÔ¼°¹ÅÆøºòµÄ·ç»¯Ö¸±ê, ¼´¹ÅÆøºòÌæ´úÖ¸±ê.ÖصãÌÖÂÛÁ˳ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÐÂÉúµÄ¿óÎïѧ·ç»¯Ö¸±ê¡ª¡ªÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎïµÄ±íÕ÷ÒâÒå¡¢Ñо¿·½·¨ÓëʵÀý·ÖÎö, ²¢ÆÀÊöÁËÆäÔÚ·´ÑÝÆøºò·½ÃæµÄÓÅÊÆÓë¾ÖÏÞÐÔ.³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÖÐÐÂÉúµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÖ±½ÓÊܳÉÍÁÆÚÊ¢ÐеĻ·¾³ÓëÆøºòÌõ¼þµÄÓ°Ïì, ËùÒÔÆä×é³É¡¢Á£¶È¡¢º¬Á¿¡¢½á¾§¶ÈµÈ¿óÎïѧÌØÕ÷³ä·Ö¼Ç¼Á˳ÉÍÁÆÚµÄÆøºòÓë»·¾³ÐÅÏ¢.ÁíÍâ, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÒ²»áÐÂÉú³É²¿·ÖÌú¿óÎï.×ÔÉúµÄÌú¿óÎïÊÇ·´Ó³³ÉÍÁÆÚµÄʪ¶ÈÌõ¼þ¡¢Î¶ȷ¶Î§µÄÓÐЧָ±ê, Òò´Ë¶Ôµ±Ê±µÄÆøºòÑÝ»¯ÀúÊ·Ò²ÓкܺõÄָʾÒâÒå.Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎïÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄÌõ¼þ϶¼¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ¶ÀÁ¢µÄÖؽ¨¹ÅÆøºòµÄÌæ´úÖ¸±ê, µ«ÊÇÔÚʹÓÃʱҪ³ä·Ö¿¼ÂÇÑо¿ÇøÓòµÄµØÖʱ³¾°¡¢ÎïÔ´¹©¸ø¡¢ÆøºòÀàÐÍ¡¢·ç»¯Ìõ¼þµÈ¿Í¹Û¾ÖÏÞ¶ÔÕâЩ·ç»¯Ö¸±êµÄÖÆÔ¼.ÁíÍâ, ¶ÔÓÚÇøÓòÄڷ绯³Ì¶È¼°¹ÅÆøºòµÄÖؽ¨, ͨ³£¶àÖ¸±ê½áºÏ¶Ô±ÈµÄ·½·¨¸üΪ¿É¿¿.
¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃ; »¯Ñ§·ç»¯; Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï; Ìú¿óÎï; µÚËļÍÆøºò; ¿óÎïѧ;
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¡¡¡¡¹èËáÑεĻ¯Ñ§·ç»¯¹ý³ÌÖ±½ÓÓ°Ïì×ųÉÍÁ×÷Óò¢¿ØÖÆ×ŵرíµÄÑÝ»¯¹ý³Ì (Gislason et al., 2009;Dixon et al., 2016) , ¶ø³¤³ß¶ÈµÄ̼ѻ·ÓëÈ«ÇòÆøºò±ä»¯Ò²´¦ÓÚ³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÖеİþÊ´Óë·ç»¯¹ý³ÌµÄDZÔÚµ÷¿ØÖÐ (Eiriksdottir et al., 2013) .Òò´Ë, ÆÀ¹À¿ØÖƳÉÍÁ·ç»¯¹ý³ÌÖеÄÒòËضÔÓÚ¸üºÃµØÀí½âµØÇòÑÝ»¯½ø³ÌÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª.¸´ÔӵijÉÍÁ¹ý³ÌÊÜ¿ØÓÚÆøºòÖ÷µ¼ÏµÄζÈÓ뽵ˮ±ä»¯, ¾¹ýÂþ³¤µÄµØÖÊʱ¼ä»ýÀÛºó, »áÔڵرí¹ã·º¶Ñ»ý³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓõÄ×îÖÕ²úÎ¡ª¡ªÍÁÈÀ (Dixon et al., 2009) .²»Í¬ÇøÓò¡¢ÆøºòÌصãϵÄÍÁÈÀ¾ßÓÐÏàÒìµÄÌØÐÔ:²»Í¬µÄÑÕÉ«¡¢Á£¶È¡¢¿óÎï×é³ÉµÈ, ÕâЩÒòËØÍùÍù¿ÉÒÔÌáÈ¡²¢×÷Ϊ·´Ñݷ绯ǿ¶ÈÓëÆøºò¸Ä±äµÄÌæ´úÖ¸±ê (Sheldon and Tabor, 2009) .
¡¡¡¡Ä¿Ç°ÎÒÃÇÔڵرíËù¼ûµÄÍÁÈÀ¶Ñ»ý»ù±¾ÊôÓÚµÚËļÍÒÔÀ´³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓõIJúÎï, ÕâЩÍÁÈÀÖÐÌá³öÀ´µÄÖ¸±ê¿ÉÒÔ·´Ó³µÚËļ͵ÄÏà¹ØÐÅÏ¢, ÀýÈçÆøºòÑÝ»¯¡¢¼¾·ç»·Á÷¡¢»·¾³±äǨ¡¢¹¹Ôì¡Éý¡¢¹ÅÈËÀ෱ʢµÈÖî¶àµÚËļÍÒÔÀ´µØÇò±íÃæµÄÉúÃüÂö¶¯¹ý³Ì (Sun et al., 2015a;Wang et al., 2015) .µÚËļÍÊǵØÇòÑÝ»¯×îеĽ׶Î, Ò²ÊǸıäÈ«ÇòÃæò×îÖØÒªµÄ½×¶Î.±ù´¨Êý¶Èʢ˥, ¹¹ÔìÇ÷ÓÚ»îÔ¾, ÈËÀàÓëÎÄÃ÷µÄµ®Éú¶¼·¢ÉúÔÚµÚËļÍ, ¶ÔµÚËļÍÆøºòÑÝ»¯µÄÑо¿¶ÔÓÚÆÀ¹ÀδÀ´Æøºò×ßÊÆÓë»·¾³·¢Õ¹ÓÐ׿«ÎªÖØÒªµÄÒâÒå, Òò´Ë, ¶Ô³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖз绯ָ±êµÄÌáÈ¡ÓëÑо¿Ò²Í¬ÑùÖØÒª.
¡¡¡¡³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖг£¼ûµÄ¿ÉÒÔ¿Ì»·ç»¯Ç¿¶ÈµÄÖ¸±êÓеØÇò»¯Ñ§Ö¸±ê¡¢Á£¶ÈÖ¸±ê¡¢¿óÎïѧָ±êµÈ (Buggle et al., 2011;Stuut et al., 2014;Hong et al., 2015) .ÆäÖгÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÐÂÉúµÄ¿óÎïѧָ±êÊÇ´Ë´ÎÑо¿ÆÀÊöµÄÖصã.±¾ÎÄÏêϸ²ûÊöÁ˳ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеÄ×ÔÉú¿óÎïÔÚ±íÕ÷ÆøºòÖÐËù°çÑݵĽÇÉ«, ϵͳ×ܽáÁËÆäÔÚ¹ÅÆøºòÖؽ¨ÖеÄÑо¿·½·¨¡¢Ó¦Óü°ÒâÒå.ÁíÍâ, ±¾ÎÄ»¹Ïêϸ̽ÌÖÁË×ÔÉú¿óÎï×÷Ϊ¹ÅÆøºòÌæ´úÖ¸±êµÄ¾ÖÏÞÐÔ, ²¢Õ¹ÍûÁ˹âÆ×ѧ·ÖÎö×ÔÉú¿óÎïÌØÕ÷ºÍÓ¦ÓÃÓڷ绯Öؽ¨ÖеĿÉÄÜ.
¡¡1 ³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃ
¡¡¡¡ÍÁÈÀÊÇÓɶàÖַ绯¹ý³ÌÏ໥×÷ÓÃÏÂÐγɵĸ´ÔÓµÄϵͳ, ÊÇ´æÔÚÓÚ´óÆøȦ¡¢ÉúÎïȦ¡¢Ë®È¦ÓëÑÒʯȦÁ¬½Ó´¦µÄ¶àÔª»¯½çÃæ (Dixon et al., 2009) .Ôڴ˽çÃæ·¢ÉúµÄĸÑÒ½µ½âÓëÍÁÈÀÉú³ÉµÄ×÷ÓóÆΪ³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃ, ³ÉÍÁ×÷Ó÷¢ÉúµÄ¹Ø¼üÇøÓò½üÄêÀ´Êܵ½¸ü¶àµÄ¹Ø×¢, ±»³ÆΪ¡°¹Ø¼ü´ø¡±, ÊÇÑÒʯ¡¢¿ÕÆø¡¢Ë®ÓëÉúÃü½»»ãµÄµØ·½ (Brantley et al., 2007) .ÔÚ´Ë´¦, ÎïÀí¡¢»¯Ñ§ÓëÉúÎï·ç»¯Ï໥×÷ÓÃ, »¥ÎªÓ°Ïì, ÐγÉÄÜÁ¿Ô´Ô´²»¶ÏµÄÒýÇ潫¹Ø¼ü´øµÄ»ùÑÒ²»¶ÏµØת»»³ÉÍÁÈÀ, ¸ÄÔì×ŵØÇò±íÃæµÄÃæò, ´Ë¹ý³Ì¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýͼ1¼òµ¥¸ÅÀ¨ (Anderson et al., 2004;Brantley et al., 2007;Ôø·½Ã÷µÈ, 2014;Ôø·½Ã÷, 2016) .
¡¡¡¡1.1 ·ç»¯Ìõ¼þϵijÉÍÁ¹ý³Ì
¡¡¡¡ÔÚ»ºÂýµÄ³ÉÍÁ¹ý³ÌÖÐ, µØ±íĸÑÒÔÚ²»¶ÏµÄ·ç»¯¹ý³Ì»ýÀÛÏÂ, ×é³ÉÑÒʯµÄ¿óÎï»áÖð½¥½µ½â, ²»Í¬µÄ¿óÎï·ç»¯½µ½âµÄ±¾ÖÊÓëËÙÂÊÊ×ÏÈÊÇÓÉ¿óÎï±¾Éí¾ö¶¨µÄ.Goldich (1938) ÔÚ1938Äê¾ÍÖ¸³ö, µØ±íÖ÷ÒªÔìÑÒ¿óÎïµÄ·ç»¯Ãô¸ÐÐÔÓëÑÒ½¬½á¾§Ë³Ðò (±«ÎÄÐòÁÐ) ÓÐÖ±½ÓµÄ¹Øϵ.ËùÒÔéÏéʯ¡¢»Ôʯ¡¢½ÇÉÁʯµÈÔÚÑÒ½¬ÀäÈ´¹ý³ÌÖÐÏȽᾧÐγɵĿóÎïÔڷ绯¿ªÊ¼ºó»á¸üÒ×ÓÚ±À½âÊ´±ä.ÁíÍâ, ÔÚ½ü¼¸Ê®ÄêµÄÑо¿Öз¢ÏÖ, ¿óÎïµÄ¿¹·ç»¯ÄÜÁ¦ÓëÆ侧Ìå½á¹¹Ó뻯ѧ¹¹³ÉÓÐÖ±½ÓµÄ¹Øϵ, ¿óÎﾧÌå½á¹¹ÖеÄλ´íÓëȱÏÝ, ÒÔ¼°¿óÎïÔÚ΢Çø»¯Ñ§³É·ÖÉϵIJ»¾ùÒ»ÐÔµÈ, ¶¼Îª·ç»¯×÷ÓÃÌṩÁ˾ø¼ÑµÄÆðʼλÖà (Blumet al., 1990;White and Brantley, 2003;Wilson, 2004) .
¡¡¡¡Ëæ×ÅĸÑÒ¿óÎïµÄ²»¶Ï½µ½â, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÄÚµÄÔªËØ×é³ÉÒ²»áËæÖ®¸Ä±ä (ͼ1) .¿ÉÈܺÍÒ×ǨÒƵÄÔªËز»¶ÏÁ÷ʧºÄ¾¡, ÄÑÈܺͲ»Ò×ǨÒƵÄÔªËØÖ𽥸»¼¯.Òò´Ë, ÍÁÈÀÖеÄNa, K, CaµÈÀë×ӻ᲻¶Ï´Ó³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÁÜÂËÎö³ö, ¶ø½ÏÄÑÈܵÄMg, Fe, Al µÈ²ÐÓà×é·Ö»áÏà¶Ô¸»¼¯ (Buggle et al., 2011;Jiang et al., 2016) .Óë´Ëͬʱ, ³ÉÍÁ×÷Óûá½øÈë¿óÎïÊ´±äÓëпóÎïÉú³ÉµÄ½×¶Î.Õâ¸ö½×¶ÎÄÚ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖпÅÁ£Á£¶È»á²»¶Ï¼õС, ²¢Éú³É´óÁ¿µÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï¡¢ÈýË®ÂÁ¿ó¡¢Ìú¿óÎïµÈ´ÎÉú¿óÎï (Chadwick and Chorover, 2001) , ´ËÀàпóÎïµÄ²»¶Ï»ýÀÛÔö¼Ó´ú±íÁ˳ÉÍÁ×÷ÓýøÈëÁËÍÁÈÀÉú³ÉµÄ×îÖս׶Î.
¡¡¡¡1.2 ÆøºòÌõ¼þ¶Ô³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖпóÎïѧµÄÓ°Ïì
¡¡¡¡·ç»¯¹ý³Ì×÷ÓÃϵijÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÊܵ½ºÜ¶àÒòËصÄÓ°Ïì, °üÀ¨Ä¸ÑÒ¡¢Ê±¼ä¡¢µØÐΡ¢ÓлúÖʺÍÆøºòµÈ (Brady and Weil, 2004;Stockmann et al., 2011;ͼ1) .ÆäÖÐÆøºò±ä»¯ÆðÖ÷Òª×÷ÓÃ, ¸÷¸öÒòËØÖ®¼äÏ໥¹ØÁª, Ðγɸ´ÔÓµÄÌåϵ (Jahn et al., 2001) .Æøºò±ä»¯Í¨¹ýÒÔÏ·½ÃæÖ±½ÓµØÓ°ÏìÍÁÈÀµÄÉú³É: (1) ¿ØÖƳÉÍÁÆÚ·±Ê¢µÄ¶¯Ö²ÎïȺ, ʹÍÁÈÀ·¢ÉúÎïÀíǨÒÆÓë»ìºÏ, ²¢¸Ä±äÍÁÈÀµÄËá¶È; (2) ͨ¹ý¿ØÖÆÍÁÈÀζÈÓ뺬ˮÁ¿Ó°Ï컯ѧ·ç»¯ËÙÂÊ (Dixon et al., 2009) .Æøºòͨ¹ýζÈÓ뽵ˮӰÏì³ÉÍÁ¹ý³ÌµÄÔÀí¿É²ûÊöÈçÏÂ:Ê×ÏÈ, ζÈÖ÷Ҫͨ¹ý¸Ä±ä·ç»¯ËÙÂÊÀ´Ó°Ïì·ç»¯³Ì¶È, Ëæ×ÅζȵÄÉÏÉý, ·ç»¯³Ì¶È»áËæÖ®¼ÓÇ¿ (Sun et al., 2016a) .Æä´Î, ³ÉÍÁ×÷Óðüº¬Ò»ÏµÁеĽµ½â¹ý³Ì, °üÀ¨ÁÜÂËÓëµí»ýµÈǨÒƹý³Ì, ÉÏÊö¹ý³ÌÒ²¿ÉÒÔ±»ÃèÊöΪÁ÷ʧ/¸»¼¯¹ý³ÌÒÔ¼°×ª±ä¹ý³Ì (Simonson, 1959;Huggett, 1998) .ÁÜÂË-µí»ý¹ý³ÌµÄ¶¯Á¦À´×ÔÓÚ½µË®ÆµÂÊÓëÇ¿¶È¶ÔÑÒʯ/ÍÁÈÀÈܽâÁ¦´óСµÄÓ°Ïì, ²»¶ÏÔö¼ÓµÄÁÜÂ˹ý³ÌÔö¼ÓÁ˹èµÄ»îÐÔ²¢¼Ó¾çÁ˷绯³Ì¶È.
¡¡¡¡Í¼1 ³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓõÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ¡¢²úÎïÒÔ¼°ÍÁÈÀÐγɵĹý³Ì¼òͼ
¾ÝBrantley et al. (2007) ÐÞ¸Ä
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÆøºò½ÏΪ¸ÉÔﺮÀä, Ä꽵ˮÁ¿½ÏµÍµÄµØÇø, ÀýÈç¸ßγ¶ÈµÄ¼«µØµØÇø, »¯Ñ§ÓëÉúÎï·ç»¯²»Ã÷ÏÔ, ͨ³£ÒÔÎïÀí·ç»¯ÎªÖ÷, ´Ëʱ³ÉÍÁ×÷Óô¦ÓÚÑÒʯ±À½âµÄ×î³õ½×¶Î, Æä²úÎïͨ³£ÎªÑÒʯËéƬÒÔ¼°·ç³É¶Ñ»ýµÈÍâÀ´¶Ñ»ýÎï (Lee et al., 2004) .´ËʱµÄ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÒÔÔÑҵĿóÎïΪÖ÷, ´ÎÉú¿óÎＫÉÙ»òÕßûÓÐ.µ«ÊÇÔÚ¼«Æä΢ÈõµÄ·ç»¯Ìõ¼þµÄ²»¶Ï»ýÀÛÏÂ, Ôʼ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеÄéÏéʯ¡¢»Ôʯ¡¢½ÇÉÁʯµÈ°µÉ«¿óÎﲿ·Ö±À½â´ù¾¡, ²¢²úÉú΢Á¿ÐÂÉúµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï¡¢Ìú¿óÎïµÈ, ÔʼÑÒ²ã»á³öÏÖÊýÀåÃ׵ķ绯²ã (Chevrier et al., 2006) .ÔÚÆøºòÊÊÒË, ½µË®Á¿Ôö¶àµÄÖÐγ¶ÈδøµØÇø, ÎïÀí·ç»¯¡¢»¯Ñ§·ç»¯ÓëÉúÎï·ç»¯Ï໥ÖÆԼƽºâ, ³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓýøÈëÓÉ´¿´âµÄÎïÀíÑÒʯ±À½âµ½»¯Ñ§ÐÔµÄÔªËØǨÒƲ¢Öð½¥ÐγÉÐÂÉú¿óÎïµÄ½×¶Î (Zhao et al., 2005) .³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĿÅÁ£¿ªÊ¼±äϸ, °µÉ«¿óÎï»ù±¾Íß½âÏûʧ, ¿óÎï×é³ÉÒÔÒÁÀûʯ¡¢ÂÌÄàʯµÈ·±Ê¢ÓÚÈõ»¯Ñ§·ç»¯Ìõ¼þϵÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÒÔ¼°Ê¯Ó¢¡¢³¤Ê¯ÎªÖ÷, ²¢¿ªÊ¼³öÏÖ²¿·Ö´Å³àÌú¿óµÈ´ÅÐÔ¿óÎï.¶øÔÚÑÇÈÈ´ø¼°ÈÈ´ø, ÆøºòʪÈóÑ×ÈÈ, Ä꽵ˮÁ¿³äÅæµÄÖеÍγ¶ÈµØÇø, ³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÇ¿ÁÒÇҹ㷺, ·ç»¯¿ÇµÄºñ¶È¿ÉÒÔµ½¼¸Ã×ÖÁ¶þÊ®¼¸Ã× (Liu et al., 2017;Zhao et al., 2017) .¸ßÎÂÒÔ¼°³±ÊªµÄ»·¾³¼«´óµØ´Ù½øÁË»¯Ñ§·ç»¯ÒÔ¼°ÉúÎï·ç»¯µÄ½øÐÐ, Õâ¸öʱºòµÄ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĿÅÁ£²»¶Ï±äµÃ¸üϸ, ³¤Ê¯µÈÔÑÒÖеĿóÎï»ù±¾Ïûʧ, ½öÊ£ÉÙÁ¿Á£¶È¼«Ï¸µÄʯӢ.Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏÓÉÒÔÒÁÀûʯ¡¢ÂÌÄàʯΪÖ÷ת±äΪÒÔÃÉÍÑʯ¼°¸ßÁëʯ×å¿óÎïΪÖ÷, ²¢ÇÒÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ½á¾§¶È»á±ä²î (Sheldon and Tabor, 2009) .Ìú¿óÎï×éºÏÖÐÒԴųàÌú¿óΪ´ú±íµÄ´ÅÐÔ¿óÎïÖð½¥¼õÉÙ, ¶ø³àÌú¿óÕ¼¾ÝÁ˸ü´óµÄ±ÈÖØ (Liu et al., 2017;Zhao et al., 2017) .ÁíÍâ, ÔÚÖÕÄêÑ×ÈȶàÓêµÄµØÇø, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖлá³öÏÖ´óÁ¿ÈýË®ÂÁ¿ó, Ò²ÊÇ»¯Ñ§·ç»¯µ½´ï×îÖյIJúÎï (Lu et al., 2015) .
2 ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÐÂÉúµÄ¿óÎïѧ·ç»¯Ö¸±ê
¡¡¡¡ÍÁÈÀÖÐÔªËصÄǨÒÆ¡¢Á£¶È·Ö²¼¡¢Ð¿óÎïµÄÉú³ÉµÈÓë³ÉÍÁÓйصÄÌØÖÊÔڷ绯¹ý³ÌÖв»¶Ï¸Ä±ä²¢×îÖմﵽƽºâ (Sun et al., 2016a;Zheng et al., 2016) .ÕâЩ³ÉÍÁÌØÖʵÄÏà¶Ô¸Ä±ä¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´È·¶¨Æä·ç»¯³Ì¶È.ÆäÖÐ×î¾ß´ú±íÐÔµÄÁ½´óÀàÖ¸±êÊÇÀë×ÓǨÒÆÑÜÉúµÄ·ç»¯Ö¸±êÌåϵÓë×ÔÉú¿óÎïÑÜÉúµÄ·ç»¯Ö¸±êÌåϵ.ÓëÀë×ÓǨÒÆÓйصķ绯ָ±êÒÑÓÐÇ°ÈËÉîÈë̽ÌÖ¹ý (Buggle et al., 2011) , ±¾´Î×ÛÊö²»ÔÙÆÀÊö;ÔÚ½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄƪ·ùÖÐÖصã̽ÌÖÓë×ÔÉú¿óÎïÓйصķ绯ָ±ê.ÍÁÈÀÌåϵÖÐ×îµäÐ͵Ä×ÔÉú¿óÎïÊÇÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎï.Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎïµÄÎïÏà×é³ÉÓ뺬Á¿±ä»¯¿É×÷ΪÍÁÈÀÆÊÃæµÄ·ç»¯³Ì¶ÈÒÔ¼°³ÉÍÁʱÆÚµÄÆøºòÑÝ»¯ÀúÊ·¿É¿¿µÄÖ¸±ê.
¡¡¡¡2.1 Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï
¡¡¡¡³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐ×ÔÉúµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïͨ³£À´×ÔÓÚĸÑҵķ绯ʴ±ä²ÐÓà»òÕßÍÁÈÀÈܽâÎïµÄÖ±½Ó³Áµí, ·´Ó³Á˳ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÖпóÎïÁ¬ÐøµÝ½øµÄÑÝ»¯¹ý³Ì (Turpault et al., 2008) , ²¢Ö±½ÓÊܳÉÍÁÆÚÊ¢ÐеĻ·¾³×´Ì¬ÓëÆøºòÌõ¼þµÄÓ°Ïì (Wilson, 2004) .Òò´Ë, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ¿óÎïѧÌØÕ÷ (×é³É¡¢Á£¶È¡¢º¬Á¿¡¢½á¾§¶ÈµÈ) ³ä·Ö¼Ç¼Á˳ÉÍÁÆÚµÄÆøºòÓë»·¾³ÐÅÏ¢ (Chamley, 1989) , ²¢¹ã·ºÓ¦ÓÃÓÚºþ²´¡¢ºÓÁ÷¡¢º£ÑóÓ뽵صȸ÷Àà³Á»ýÎïµÄÎïÔ´±æʶÓë¹ÅÆøºòÖؽ¨Ñо¿ÖÐ (Guyot et al., 2007;Liu et al., 2009, 2010;Hong et al., 2016) .
¡¡¡¡2.1.1 Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï¶Ô¹ÅÆøºòÐÅÏ¢µÄ±íÕ÷
¡¡¡¡Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï¶ÔÆøºòµÄ·´Ó³»ùÓÚÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÔÚÑÒʯ½µ½âÓë³ÉÍÁ¹ý³ÌÖÐËæ×ÅÆøºò¸Ä±ä¶øÑÝ»¯µÄ×ÜÌåÇ÷ÊÆ:µ±ÍⲿµÄÆøºòÌõ¼þÓɸÉÔﺮÀäÏò³±ÊªÑ×ÈÈת±ä, ÑÒʯ/ÍÁÈÀÖеÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï»á³öÏÖÒÁÀûʯ¡úÂÌÄàʯ¡úòÎʯ¡úÃÉÍÑʯ¡ú¸ßÁëʯµÄ×ÜÌåÑÝ»¯Ç÷ÊÆ (Sheldon and Tabor, 2009;Nordt and Driese, 2010) .ÆäÖÐÒÁÀûʯÓëÂÌÄàʯÐγÉÓÚ³ÉÍÁ·ç»¯¹ý³ÌµÄ×î³õ½×¶Î, Á½ÕßÔÚ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴóÁ¿¸»¼¯´ú±íÁËÔ´ÇøÎïÖʵĿìËÙÎïÀíÇÖÊ´ºÍÏà¶Ô¸ÉÔﺮÀäµÄ»·¾³ (Liu et al., 2010;Wang and Yang, 2013) .ÁíÍâ, ÒÁÀûʯÓëÂÌÄàʯÏà¶Ôº¬Á¿µÄ±ä»¯ÓëÎïÔ´µÄ±ä»¯»òÕßÔλÆøºòµÄÕñµ´¸Ä±äÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø (Sun et al., 2015b) .×ÜÌåÀ´Ëµ, ÒÁÀûʯ (I) ÓëÂÌÄàʯ (Ch) ÐγÉÓÚÈõ·ç»¯µÄÆøºò»·¾³, Ëæ×ÅζÈÓ뽵ˮµÄÔö¼Ó, Ò×ÓÚÏòÆäËûÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïת±ä (Nesbitt and Young, 1989) .òÎʯ (V) ÓëÃÉÍÑʯ (Sm) ÐγÉÓÚÖеȳ̶ȵķ绯Ìõ¼þÏ (Zhao et al., 2017) .ÃÉÍÑʯһ°ãÐγÉÓÚ¼¾½ÚÐÔ¸Éʪ½»ÌæµÄÆøºòÏÂ, ÊÇÒÁÀûʯ¡¢°×ÔÆĸ»òÕßÆäËûËéм³É·ÖÔÚÎïÔ´Çø»òÕß³Á»ýÇøÖеȷ绯³Ì¶ÈϵÄÔλ²úÎï.ÁíÍâ, ÅÅË®²»³©µÄ³ÉÍÁ»·¾³, ½ÏµÍµÄµØÊƵȶ¼ÀûÓÚÃÉÍÑʯµÄÉú³É (Gylesj9and Arnold, 2006;Vargaet al., 2011;U'jv¨¢ri et al., 2014) .¸ßÁëʯ (K) ÊdzÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÖÐÔλ·ç»¯µÄ×îÖÕ²úÎï, ͨ³£ÐγÉÓÚʪÈÈÆøºòÏÂÅÅˮ˳³©µÄ¶¸Æ»·¾³ÖÐ, ÊÇÇ¿ÁҵĻ¯Ñ§·ç»¯ÓëÁÜÂË×÷ÓõĽá¹û, Æä´óÁ¿³öÏÖ´ú±í³ÉÍÁÆÚ¾ÀúÁËÎÂů³±ÊªµÄÆøºò (Dixon and Weed, 1989;Varga et al., 2011) .µ¥¶ÀµÄijÖÖÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄº¬Á¿ÌØÕ÷»òÕßijЩճÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ±ÈÖµ±ä»¯ (e.g., K/I, K+Sm/I, I/Ch) ÒÔ¼°Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÆäËû¿óÎïµÄ±ÈÖµ±ä»¯ (e.g., ÒÁÀûʯ/ʯӢ¡¢ÂÌÄàʯ/ʯӢ) ¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´·´Ó³³ÉÍÁÆڵķ绯³Ì¶ÈÓëÆøºòÑÝ»¯ÌØÕ÷ (Zhao, 2005;Dou et al., 2010;Zeng et al., 2014;Sun et al., 2015b) .
¡¡¡¡ÁíÍâ, µ±Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄÎïÔ´À´×ÔÅÅË®ÅèµØ»òÎïÔ´»ìÔÓʱ, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï°áÔËÓë³Á»ý¹ý³ÌÖлáÒòΪ²îÒìÐÔµÄÐõÄý»òÕß·ÖÑ¡×÷Óöø·¢ÉúÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈµÄÀí»¯ÐÔÖʵĸü¸Ä, ´Ó¶ø´ó´óÓ°ÏìËüÃǶÔÆøºòÐÅÏ¢µÄ½âÒë (Wang and Yang, 2013) .ijЩ¾§ÌåѧָÊý, ÀýÈçÒÁÀûʯ½á¾§¶È (IC) ¡¢ÂÌÄàʯ½á¾§¶È (ChC) ºÍÒÁÀûʯ»¯Ñ§Ö¸Êý (CII) µÈÊܳÁ»ý·ÖÒì×÷ÓõÄÓ°Ïì½ÏС, ¿ÉÒÔ¸üºÃµØÌæ´úÕ³ÍÁ×éºÏº¬Á¿Ö¸±êÀ´·´Ó³¹ÅÆøºòÑÝ»¯.ÆäÖÐICÊÇ×îΪ¹ã·ºÊ¹ÓõĽᾧ¶ÈÖ¸±ê (Liu et al., 2007) .ICͨ³£Í¨¹ýÒÁÀûʯ1nmÑÜÉä·åµÄ°ë¸ß¿í (K¨¹blerÖ¸Êý) À´±íÕ÷.µ±Æøºò¸ÉÀäʱ, »·¾³ÖÐȱ·¦Ë®·Ö, ·ç»¯×÷ÓÃÒÔÎïÀí·ç»¯ÎªÖ÷, ÒÁÀûʯ±£´æÍêºÃ, ICÖµÏà¶Ô½Ï¸ß;Ïà·´ÔÚʪÈȵÄÆøºòÌõ¼þÏÂ, ÒÁÀûʯÈÝÒ×Êܵ½ÁÜÂË, Ò×ÓÚÏòÆäËûÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïת±ä, ´ËʱµÄICÖµ»áÖð½¥½µµÍ (Liu et al., 2010;¼¾¾þ·åµÈ, 2012) .CIIÖµÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÐЧ·´Ó³ÆøºòÐÅÏ¢, ²¢ÇÒ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚʾ×ÙÎïÔ´ÇøºÍ°áÔË·¾¶ (Liu et al., 2008) .µ±CIIµÍÓÚ0.5ʱ, ˵Ã÷ÆäΪ¸»ÌúÂÁµÄÒÁÀûʯ, ´ú±íÁ˽ÏÈõ»¯Ñ§·ç»¯µÄ»·¾³;CII´óÓÚ0.5ʱ˵Ã÷ÆäΪ¸»ÂÁÒÁÀûʯ, Éú³ÉÓÚÇ¿ÁÒË®½âµÄ»·¾³ÖÐ (Chamley, 1989) .
¡¡¡¡2.1.2 ÖйúÄÏ·½ºìÍÁÖÐÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄÑо¿ÀýÎö
¡¡¡¡ÖйúÄÏ·½ (ÇØÁë-»´ºÓÒÔÄÏ) Êܶ«ÑǼ¾·ç¡¢Ó¡¶È¼¾·çµÈ¶à¹É¼¾·ç»·Á÷ϵͳӰÏì¾ßÓÐÏÊÃ÷µÄÈÈ´ø¼¾·çÆøºòÌØÕ÷, ÔڵرíÐγÉÁ˹㷺·Ö²¼µÄºìÍÁ³Á»ýÎï (ϯ³Ð·ª, 1991;Lu et al., 2015) .ÄÏ·½µÄºìÍÁ³Á»ýÎï¾ßÓÐËáÐÔ¡¢Ï¸Á£ÐÔ¡¢Ç¿·ç»¯ÐÔ¡¢Íѹ踻ÂÁÐÔµÈÌØÕ÷, ÊǵØÖÊʱÆÚ»îÔ¾µÄË®-Æø-ÉúµÈÒòËع²Í¬²ÎÓëϵIJúÎï, Æä·¢Óý¹ý³ÌÊÜ¿ØÓÚÈ«ÇòÆøºò±ä»¯, ÊÇÑо¿µÚËļÍÆøºòÑÝ»¯µÄÁ¼ºÃÔØÌå (À°²ºÍ¹ËÑÓÉú, 1997;Hong et al., 2016) .½üÊ®ÄêÀ´, ÖÚ¶àѧÕßÒ»Ö±ÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÑ°ÕÒºìÍÁ³Á»ýÎïÖÐÓÐЧµÄÆøºòÌæ´úÖ¸±ê, ÊÔͼ½¨Á¢ºìÍÁ³ÉÍÁÑÝ»¯Óë»·¾³Æøºò¸Ä±äÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ, ²¢ÎªÈ«Çò±ä»¯ÌṩÒÀ¾Ý.ÆäÖгöÏÖÁ˸ü¶à½«ºìÍÁÖеÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓ¦ÓÃÓÚ¹ÅÆøºòÖؽ¨µÄÀý×Ó, ²¢Öð½¥½¨Á¢ÆðһϵÁг¤½ÖÐÏÂÓεäÐ͵ĺìÍÁÆÊÃæ (Yin et al., 2013;Hong et al., 2014, 2016;Lu et al., 2015;Zhao et al., 2017) .
¡¡¡¡Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ¾§ÌåÐÎ̬ºÍ¾§Ìå½á¹¹·Ö±ð¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃɨÃèµç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µ (SEM) ÒÔ¼°Í¸Éäµç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µ (TEM) ½øÐÐÍƲâÓë·ÖÎö (Xieetal., 2013a, 2013b;Àî½ð»ªºÍÅËÓÀÐÅ, 2015;ºéººÁÒµÈ, 2017) .ÆäÖÐÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïËùÌØÓеľ§¸ñÌõÎÆÏñµÄÌصã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýTEMÕÕƬ½ÏºÃµÄ³ÊÏÖ (ͼ2) .Ëæ×Å΢¹Û³ÉÏñ¼¼ÊõµÄ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÖ®¼äµÄת»¯¹ý³Ì¿ÉÒÔÖ±¹ÛչʾÔڸ߷ֱæÂʵÄTEMͼÏñÖÐ, ʹµÃÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÔλ·ÖÎöÆøºòת±ä³ÉΪ¿ÉÄÜ.ͼ2ÖÐÃÉÍÑʯÓë¸ßÁëʯ֮¼äµÄת±ä, òÎʯÓëÒÁÀûʯ֮¼äµÄת±äµÈ¶¼ÎªºìÍÁ³ÉÍÁÆÚµÄÆøºòת±äÌṩÁËÖ±½ÓµÄ¿óÎïѧ֤¾Ý.µÚËļÍÒÔÀ´, ÓÈÆäÊǸüÐÂÊÀÒÔÀ´, ÖйúÄÏ·½ÇøÓòÄÚµÄÆøºò²¨¶¯ÐÔÃ÷ÏÔ, ÔÚºìÍÁÆÊÃæÖÐϲ¿³öÏÖ²¿·Ö»ì²ãÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï, ÒÔ¼°Å¼¶û¿É¼ûµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÖ®¼äµÄ΢¹Ûת»¯, ÕýÊÇÆøºòÇ¿ÁÒ²¨¶¯¡¢³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÇ¿ÁÒÁÜÂ˷绯µÄÖ±¹ÛÐÔÖ¤¾Ý (Hong et al., 2012, 2014, 2015;Yin et al., 2013) .
¡¡¡¡Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄÎïÏà²â¶¨Óë·ÖÎöͨ³£Ê¹Ó÷۾§ÑÜÉä·ÖÎö (XRD) ¼¼Êõ.Ç°ÈËÔÚ°²»ÕÐû³Ç¡¢½Î÷¾Å½¡¢ËÄ´¨³É¶¼¡¢¹ãÎ÷°ÙÉ«¡¢ºþ±±Áº×ӵȵؽ¨Á¢ÁËһϵÁбê×¼µÄºìÍÁÆÊÃæ, ÒÔÆÊÃæÖеĺìÍÁ³Á»ýÎïΪÔØÌå, ¶ÔÆäÖеÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï½øÐÐÌá´¿Óë·ÖÎö.Æä»ñµÃµÄÕ³ÍÁº¬Á¿±ä»¯Êý¾ÝÓ뻯ѧ·ç»¯Ö¸±ê¡¢Á£¶ÈÖ¸±êµÈ¶¼¾ßÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄ¶ÔÓ¦¹Øϵ, ¹²Í¬Ó¡Ö¤ÁËÄÏ·½ºìÍÁÔÚ¸üÐÂÊÀÒÔÀ´¾ÀúÁ˱ȱ±·½»ÆÍÁ¸üÇ¿ÁҵijÉÍÁ¹ý³Ì, ²¢ÇÒÇøÓòÄÚÓÐÖ𽥸ÉÔﺮÀäµÄÇ÷ÊÆ, Ó뵱ʱµÄ¼¾·ç»·Á÷¡¢È«Çò»·¾³µÄ±ä»¯ÏàÒ»Ö (Hong et al., 2012, 2014, 2016;³Ì·åµÈ, 2014;ÕÔè´è´µÈ, 2015;Zhao et al., 2017) .
¡¡¡¡ÁíÍâ, È«Çò·¶Î§ÄÚÆäËûÖеÍγ¶ÈÇøÓòÄÚµÄÍÁÈÀ³Á»ýÎïÒÔ¼°º£Ïà³Á»ýÎïÖÐ, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÒ²¶¼ÓÐÏàÒ»ÖµÄÆøºò»·¾³Ö¸Ê¾ÒâÒå, ¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ¸¨ÖúµÄָʾ»·¾³ÓëÆøºòµÄÖ¸±ê, ÔÚָʾ¹Åγ¶È¡¢¹Åº£°Î¡¢¹Å½µË®¡¢ÑóÁ÷¸Ä±ä¡¢¶¯Ö²ÎïÑÝ»¯Ç¨Òƹý³ÌÖж¼ÓÐÖØÒªµÄÓ¦Óà (de Menocal, 2004;Liu et al., 2008;Sheldon and Tabor, 2009;Shen et al., 2011;Fang et al., 2017) .Ó¡¶ÈÎ÷ÄϱßԵ½ÏàÑÒÐÄÖÐÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄÎïÏà×éºÏÒÔ¼°º¬Á¿±ä»¯½ÒʾÁËÄ©´Î±ù´¨Ê±ÆÚÒÔÀ´Ïà¶Ô΢ÈõµÄÏļ¾·ç×÷ÓÃ, ²¢ÇÒÔÚ28kaÓë22kaÓÐÁ½´Î²»Á¬ÐøµÄÆøºò±äʪÈóµÄʼþ³öÏÖ.ÁíÍâ, ÔÚ15ka×óÓÒ, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ³ÁµíÔö¼ÓÓëÎïÔ´ÊäÈ붼ÓÐÃ÷ÏÔµÄÌáÉý, Ö¤Ã÷ÔÚ±ùÏûÆÚÔçÆÚÓ¡¶ÈÎ÷ÄÏÇøÓòÄÚÓÐÏÔ×ŵÄÆøºò»ØůµÄ¹ý³Ì (Thamban et al., 2002) .ÃÀ¹ú¼ÓÀû¸£ÄáÑÇÖÝÄϲ¿Ê¥°Í°ÍÀÅèµØÄÚµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏÊÜ¿ØÓÚµÚËļÍÍíÆÚ160kaµÄÆøºò»·¾³, ¸üÊÇÓë¹Å½µË®µÄÑÝ»¯ÀúÊ·ÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø.ÅèµØÄÚÃÉÍÑʯÓëÆäËûÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ±ÈÖµ (S/IÓëK/S) ±»ÓÃ×÷ÇøÓòÄڹŽµË®±ä»¯µÄÌæ´úÖ¸±ê.µ±S/I½Ï¸ß»òÕßK/S½ÏµÍ, ¼´ÃÉÍÑʯº¬Á¿½Ï¸ßµÄʱÆÚ·´Ó³ÁËÇøÓòÄÚÇ¿½µË®µÄ½×¶Î, ÕâЩ½×¶ÎÓëÊ¥°Í°ÍÀÇøÓòÄÚÖ²±»µÄ·±Ê¢ÆÚÓкܺõĶÔÓ¦.ÁíÍâ, ÓÉÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏ·´Ó³µÄÇ¿½µË®µÄ½×¶ÎÓëÑõͬλËصı仯һÖÂ, ÆäÖÐÖ÷ÒªµÄÇ¿½µË®½×¶Î¿ªÊ¼ÓÚ±ùÆÚ²¢³ÖÐøÖÁ¼ä±ùÆÚ, ½µË®Á¿µÄÔö¼Ó·´Ó³ÁËÖÜΧÇøÓòÄÚÆøºòµÄ±äů, Ò²·´Ó³ÁËͬʱÆÚÃÀ¹úÎ÷Äϲ¿ÖÜΧÑóÁ÷ÖÐÉÏÉýÁ÷µÄ³ÖÐø±äÈõ¹ý³Ì (Robert, 2004) .°®ÇÙº£Öв¿×ê¿×Öи߾«¶ÈµÄ¸ßÁëʯÓëÂÌÄàʯ×éºÏ±ä»¯¿ÉÒÔÖؽ¨±±·ÇɳĮÖзç³ÉϸÁ£ÎïÖʵĻ㼯½ø¶È, ¶øÕâÖÖÎïÔ´ÊäÈëÓëºþ²´µÄ¸ÉºµÏûÍö¹ý³ÌϢϢÏà¹Ø.Òò´Ë, K/Ch±ÈÖµµÄ±ä»¯¿ÉÒÔ×÷ΪÎïÔ´Çø·çÁ¦»îÐÔ¡¢¸Éºµ»¯³Ì¶ÈÓëÖ²±»¸²¸ÇÃæ»ýµÄÓÐЧָʾָ±ê, ·´Ó³³ö105kaÒÔÀ´±±·ÇµØÇøÆøºò»·¾³µÄÑÝ»¯±äǨʷ.Ä©´Î±ùÆÚÒÔÀ´³ÖÐø×ߵ͵ÄK/Ch±Èֵ˵Ã÷, ±±·ÇÎïÔ´ÇøµÄºþ²´³Á»ýÎï³ÖÐø¼õÉÙ, ·´Ó³³öÄ©´Î±ùÆÚÒÔÀ´ºþ²´¼õÉÙ, »·¾³³ÖÐø¸ÉºµµÄÑÝ»¯ÀúÊ· (Ehrmann et al., 2013) .
¡¡¡¡Í¼2 ÖйúÄÏ·½ºìÍÁ³Á»ýÎïÖÐÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄTEMÕÕƬ
¡¡K.¸ßÁëʯ;S.ÃÉÍÑʯ;V.òÎʯ;I.ÒÁÀûʯ;HIV.ôÇ»ù¼ä²ãòÎʯ.a.¸ßÁëʯÓëÃÉÍÑʯµÄ¼ä²ã (Hong et al., 2012) ;b.òÎʯÓëÒÁÀûʯµÄ¼ä²ã (Hong et al., 2014) ;c.ÒÁÀûʯÓëÃÉÍÑʯ¡¢¸ßÁëʯµÄÏ໥¼ä²ã (Hong et al., 2015) ;d.ÒÁÀûʯÓëôÇ»ù¼ä²ãòÎʯ/òÎʯµÄÏ໥¼ä²ã (Yin et al., 2013)
¡¡¡¡2.2 Ìú¿óÎï
¡¡¡¡³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÐÂÉú³ÉµÄÌú¿óÎïÊÇ·´Ó³³ÉÍÁÆÚµÄʪ¶ÈÌõ¼þ¡¢Î¶ȷ¶Î§µÄÓÐЧָ±ê, Òò´Ë¶Ôµ±Ê±µÄÆøºòÑÝ»¯ÀúÊ·Ò²ÓкܺõÄָʾÒâÒå (Schwertmann, 1993;Balsamet al., 2004;Inda et al., 2013) .³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÖÐÐÂÉú³ÉµÄÌú¿óÎïͨ³£Á£¶È¼«Ð¡, ½á¾§¶È²î, º¬Á¿ºÜµÍ, ´«Í³·ÖÎö²âÊÔÊֶΠ(e.g., XRD, SEM) µÄ·Ö±æÂʾ³£´ï²»µ½ÊµÑéÒªÇó (Ji et al., 2001;Ji, 2004;Zhao et al., 2017) .ѧÕßÃǶ¼ÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÑ°ÕÒÊÊÒ˵ķÖÎöÍÁÈÀÖÐÌú¿óÎïµÄ²âÊÔ¼¼Êõ.¸ù¾Ý³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеÄÌú¿óÎïµÄ´ÅÐÔÇ¿ÈõÓÖ¿ÉÒÔ½«Ìú¿óÎï·ÖΪ´ÅÐÔÌú¿óÎï (´ÅÌú¿ó¡¢´Å³àÌú¿óµÈ) Óë·Ç/Èõ´ÅÐÔÌú¿óÎï (³àÌú¿ó¡¢ÕëÌú¿óµÈ) .
¡¡¡¡2.2.1 ´ÅÌú¿óÓë´Å³àÌú¿ó
¡¡¡¡³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴÅÐÔ¿óÎïÒ»°ãͨ¹ý¼ä½ÓµÄ·½·¨·ÖÎö, ±ÈÈç·ÖÎö´ÅÐÔ²ÎÊý (´Å»¯ÂʵÈ) ¡¢ÄÂ˹±¤¶ûÆײâÊÔ¡¢»¯Ñ§³éÈ¡·¨µÈ (Chen et al., 2005;Liu et al., 2007;Hu et al., 2013;Long et al., 2016) .ÆäÖÐÇ°ÈËÑо¿±íÃ÷Öйú±±·½»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁеĵÍƵ´Å»¯ÂÊ (¦Ölf) ±ä»¯ÓëÉÑõͬλËز¨¶¯ÓÐÃ÷ÏÔµÄÕýÏà¹Ø¹Øϵ, Ö¤Ã÷´Å»¯ÂÊ¿ÉÒÔ°ïÖú·´ÑÝ´ó½¹ÅÆøºòÌØÕ÷, ²¢Ó붫ÑǼ¾·ç»·Á÷µÄÑÝ»¯ÓкܺõĶÔÓ¦ÐÔ (Kukla et al., 1988;Deng et al., 2004) .´Å»¯ÂʵÄÔö¼ÓÖ÷ÒªÀ´×ÔÓÚ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖдÅÌú¿óÓë´Å³àÌú¿óµÄ¹±Ï× (Torrent et al., 2007) .
2.2.2 »ÆÍÁ¸ßÔÖдŻ¯ÂʵÄÑо¿ÀýÎö
¡¡¡¡Öйú±±·½µÄ»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐ (CLP) ±»ÈÏΪÊÇ´ó½ÉϵÚËļÍÒÔÀ´×îΪÍêÕûÏ꾡µÄ¹ÅÆøºò»·¾³ÑÝ»¯µÄ¼Ç¼ (Liu and Ding, 1993;Liu et al., 1999;Clemens, 2015) .ÕâЩ¶Ñ»ýÐòÁÐÓÉ»ÆÍÁÓë¹ÅÍÁÈÀ½»µþ¹¹³É, ÆäÖлÆÍÁÓë¹ÅÍÁÈÀ·Ö±ðÊÇ·ç³É¶Ñ»ýÓë³ÉÍÁ·ç»¯µÄ²úÎï (Ôø·½Ã÷µÈ, 2014) .»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÖдŻ¯ÂʵÄÑо¿½«ÖйúµÄ»ÆÍÁ¸ßÔÍÆÏòÊÀ½çµÄÃæÇ°, ʹ»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀ³ÉΪ¼ÌÉÑõͬλËØ¡¢¼«µØ±ùоºóÓÖÒ»¸öÍêÕûÁ¬ÐøµÄÑо¿¹ÅÆøºòÑÝ»¯ÀúÊ·µÄÔØÌå (Kukla et al., 1988;Liu et al., 1999;An et al., 2001) .»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐÖлÆÍÁ²ãÖеĴŻ¯ÂÊÆ«µÍ, Ö¤Ã÷»ÆÍÁÐγÉÆÚ¾ÀúÁ˸ÉÔﺮÀäµÄÆøºò, ÔÚÈõ·ç»¯Ìõ¼þÏÂÀ´×ÔÎ÷±±µÄɳÍÁ³ÖÐø¼Ó»ý;¹ÅÍÁÈÀÖеĴŻ¯ÂÊÃ÷ÏÔÔö¼Ó, Ö¤Ã÷Á˹ÅÍÁÈÀÉú³ÉÓÚÎÂůʪÈóµÄÆøºòÌõ¼þ, ·ç»¯³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÇ¿ÁÒ.´ËÍâ, »ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐÖеĴŻ¯ÂÊÓëÑõͬλËØÒÔ¼°Í¬ÌåϵÄÚ¶àÖÖ³ÉÍÁÌØÐÔ¶¼Óм«ºÃµÄ¶ÔÓ¦ÐÔ.Î÷·ç¡¢¼»ÏØ¡¢Âå´¨µÈµäÐ͵ĻÆÍÁ¸ßÔÆÊÃæÖеĻÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁеĴŻ¯Âʱ仯ÓëSr/Sr¡¢Rb/SrÒÔ¼°È«ÇòÑõͬλËصıÈÖµ¶¼ÓкܺõĶÔÓ¦ÐÔ, ·´Ó³³ö¹ÅÍÁÈÀ²ãÐγÉÆÚµÄÆøºòƫůʪ, ´Å»¯ÂÊÆ«¸ß, ¶ø»ÆÍÁ²ãÐγÉÆÚµÄÆøºòÆ«Àä¸É, ´Å»¯ÂÊÆ«µÍ (ͼ3) .ÁíÍâ, ÔÚÊÀ½çÆäËû·¶Î§µÄÖÐγ¶ÈµÄ½Ïà³Á»ýÎïÖÐ, ´Å»¯ÂÊÓëÆäËû·ç»¯Ö¸±ê¶¼±íÏÖ³öÁ˼«¸ßµÄ¶ÔÓ¦ÐÔ, ˵Ã÷ÆäÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄÌõ¼þÏ¿ÉÒÔ×÷ΪÆÕÊÊÐԵķ绯ָ±ê (Liu et al., 2007;Zhao et al., 2013;Ho2ek et al., 2015) .
¡¡¡¡2.2.3 ¶´Ñ¨Ê¯Ëñ¼Ç¼ÍÁÈÀ´ÅÐÔ¿óÎïµÄÑо¿ÀýÎö
¡¡¡¡¶´Ñ¨³Á»ýÎï (ʯËñµÈ) ÊDZ£´æÖؽ¨¹ýÈ¥ÆøºòÀúÊ·µÄÁ¼ºÃÔØÌå, ÒòΪËüÃǼǼµÄÐÅÏ¢¾«¶È½Ï¸ß, ²¢ÇÒͨ³£Çé¿öÏÂÊÇÎȶ¨Á¬ÐøµÄ (Zhu et al., 2017) .³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеIJ¿·Ö´ÅÐÔ¿óÎï»áËæµØÏÂˮתÒÆÖÁ¶´Ñ¨ÏµÍ³ÖÐ, ²¢Ëæ×ÅʯËñµÈ¶´Ñ¨¶Ñ»ýÎïµÄÉú³¤²»¶ÏÓëÖ®ºÏ³ÉÒ»Ìå.ʯËñ»á¼´¿ÌËøס´ÅÐÔ, ²»±»ºó³Á»ý×÷ÓÃËùÓ°Ïì, ²¢ÌṩÎȶ¨¿É¿ØµÄÄêÁäÊý¾Ý, ÊǼ«¼ÑµÄ¼Ç¼¹ÅµØ´ÅµÄÔØÌå.¶øËæן߾«¶È¸ß·Ö±æÂÊ´ÅÁ¦ÒǵÄÑÐÖÆ, ʹµÃʯËñÖеÍŨ¶ÈµÄ´ÅÐÔ¿óÎï¿ÉÒÔ±»¾«È·²âµÃ (Osete et al., 2012;Zhu et al., 2012) .½üÄêÀ´, ¶ÔʯËñµÈ¶´Ñ¨³Á»ýÎïÖй²ÉúµÄ´ÅÐÔ¿óÎïµÄÑо¿ÔڹŵشżÇ¼·½ÃæÈ¡µÃÁËÏÔ×ŵijɹû, ÁíÍâ, ÕâЩ´ÅÐԼǼÒÔ¼°´ÅÐÔ¿óÎïµÄ¿óÎïѧÌØÕ÷¶¼ÓÐÖî¶àÖؽ¨¹ÅÆøºòÓë¹Å»·¾³µÄDZÄÜ (Fairchild et al., 2006;Lascu and Feinberg, 2011) .
¡¡¡¡Í¼3 Öйú±±·½µäÐÍ»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÆÊÃæµÄµÍƵ´Å»¯Âʱ仯ÓëÆäËû·ç»¯Ö¸±êµÄ¶Ô±ÈÇúÏß
¡¡¡¡a.Î÷·çÆÊÃæ´Å»¯Âʱ仯ÇúÏß (Chen et al., 2014) ;b.¼»ÏØÆÊÃæ´Å»¯Âʱ仯ÇúÏß (Jahn et al., 2001) ;c.Âå´¨ÆÊÃæ´Å»¯Âʱ仯ÇúÏß (Guan et al., 2016) ;d.Âå´¨ÆÊÃæ87Sr/86Sr±ÈÖµ±ä»¯ (Yang et al., 2000) ;e.Âå´¨ÆÊÃæRb/Sr±ÈÖµ±ä»¯ (Chen et al., 1999) ;f.ͬʱÆÚÈ«Çò±ùоÑõͬλËر仯 (Railsback et al., 2015)
¡¡¡¡½«Ê¯ËñÖеĴÅÐÔ¿óÎïÓ¦ÓÃÓÚ¶«ÑǼ¾·çÇøµÄ¹Å½µË®Öؽ¨Ñо¿¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸ö³É¹¦µÄÀý×Ó (Zhu et al., 2017) .Ç°ÈËÑо¿±íÃ÷³¤³ß¶ÈµÄ½µË®±ä»¯¾Í¿ÉÒԼǼÔÚʯËñµÈ¶´Ñ¨¶Ñ»ýÎïµÄ´ÅÐÔ¿óÎïÖÐ (Xie et al., 2013;Bourne et al., 2015) .½µË®Á¿µÄÔö¼Ó»áʹ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴÅÌú¿óÔö¼Ó, ´Ù½øÍÁÈÀÄڵĴÅÌú¿óͨ¹ýµÎˮתÒÆÖÁ¶´Ñ¨ÄÚ.Òò´Ë, ¶´Ñ¨Ê¯ËñÖв»Á¬ÐøµÄ´ÅÌú¿ó¼°ÆäËûÍÁÈÀÑÜÉúµÄ΢Á£Å¨¶ÈµÄÉý¸ßÓë¼äЪÐÔµÄÇ¿½µÓêÓÐÃÜÇеÄÁªÏµ (Bourne et al., 2015;Zhu et al., 2017) .ʯËñÖн׶ÎÐÔ³ÉÍÁ´ÅÌú¿óµÄÔö¼Ó¼Ç¼ÁËÓëÈ«ÐÂÊÀ¶ò¶ûÄáŵÏÖÏóÏà¹ØµÄºéË®µÄ³öÏÖ, ²¢ÇÒÆä±ä»¯ÖÜÆÚÓë¶ò¶ûÄáŵ500ÄêµÄÑ»·ÏàÒ»ÖÂ.
¡¡¡¡2.2.4 ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó
¡¡¡¡³àÌú¿ó (Hm) ÓëÕëÌú¿ó (Gt) ÊdzÉÍÁÌåϵÖг£¼ûµÄÌú¿óÎï, »áËæ×ÅÆøºò»·¾³µÄ¸Ä±ä¶ø±ä»¯, Òò´ËÆä×é³ÉÓ뺬Á¿¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ³ÉÍÁ·ç»¯Ç¿¶ÈµÄÖ¸±ê (Jordanova et al., 2010;Buggle et al., 2014) .ÎÂůµÄ¡¢Ä꽵ˮÁ¿³äÅæÇÒ¼¾½ÚÐԸɺµµÄÆøºòÀûÓÚÍÁÈÀÖгàÌú¿óµÄÐγÉ.ÆäÖÐÓê¼¾¼ä¸ôʱ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÐγÉË®Ìú¿ó, ËæºóµÄºµ¼¾¼ä¸ôʱ»áʹˮÌú¿óת»»³É³àÌú¿ó (Cornell and Schwertmann, 2003;Balsamet al., 2004) .Ïà·´, ÕëÌú¿ó»áÖ±½ÓÐγÉÓÚÍÁÈÀÈÜÒºµÄ³Áµí, ³ÖÐøµÄÏà¶Ô¸ÉÔïÁ¹Ë¬µÄ»·¾³ÀûÓÚÆäÐÎ³É (Chen et al., 2010) .¶ÀÁ¢µÄ³àÌú¿óºÍ/»òÕëÌú¿óµÄº¬Á¿±ä»¯, »òÕß³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óµÄ±ÈÖµ (i.e.Hm/Gt, Hm/ (Hm+Gt) ) ¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓÃ×÷¼¾·çÆøºòÑÝ»¯µÄÖ¸±ê (Torrent et al., 2007;Long et al., 2011;Clift et al., 2014) .
¡¡¡¡½üÄêÀ´, Âþ·´Éä¹âÆ×ѧ¼¼Êõ (DRS) µÄÆÕ¼°ÓëÓ¦ÓÃʹ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó¿ìËÙ¡¢¾«×¼, ÔλµÄ²â¶¨·ÖÎö³ÉΪ¿ÉÄÜ, Òò´Ë³öÏÖÁËÖî¶à³¢ÊÔ½«³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óÓ¦ÓÃÓÚ¹ÅÆøºòÖؽ¨ÖеÄÀý×Ó, ²¢È¡µÃÁËÏÔ×ŵijɹû (Zhang et al., 2009;Buggle et al., 2014;Clift et al., 2014) .
¡¡¡¡2.2.5 ¶«ÑǼ¾·çÆøºòÇøÄÚ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó
¡¡¡¡¶«ÑǵØÇøµÚËļÍÒÔÀ´Ò»Ö±Êܶ«ÑǼ¾·ç¡¢Ó¡¶È¼¾·ç¡¢ÄÏÑǼ¾·çµÈ¶à¹É¼¾·ç»·Á÷µÄÓ°Ïì, ÐγÉÌØÉ«ÏÊÃ÷µÄ¼¾·çÆøºò (An, 2000;Guo et al., 2000;Anet al., 2001) .ÓÉÓÚ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óµÄÐγÉÓëÑÝ»¯Óë¼¾·çϢϢÏà¹Ø, ËùÒÔ½üÊ®¼¸ÄêÀ´³öÏÖÁ˸ü¶àʹÓóàÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óÑо¿¶«ÑÇÇøÓòÄÚÆøºòÓë¼¾·çÇ¿¶ÈÑÝ»¯µÄÑо¿, È¡µÃÁ˽ÏΪͻ³öµÄ³É¹û (Balsamet al., 2004;Torrent et al., 2007;Long et al., 2011;Buggle et al., 2014) .Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ, ÔÚÖйú±±·½µÄ»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐÖÐ, ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óͨ³£Óë³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴÅÐÔ²ÎÊýÓкܺõĶÔÓ¦ÐÔ, ¶ÔÑо¿ÍÁÈÀ´ÅÐÔµÄÔö³¤Ä£Ê½, ¶«ÑÇÏļ¾·çÇ¿ÈõµÄ±ä»¯µÈ¶¼ÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¸¨ÖúÒâÒå (Ji et al., 2001;Hu et al., 2013) ;ÔÚÖйúÄϺ£º£Ïà³Á»ýÎïÖÐ, ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó×÷Ϊ¹ÅÆøºòÓëÏļ¾·çµÄÖ¸±ê³É¹¦Ó¦ÓÃÓÚ´ó½·ç»¯ÀúÊ·µÄָʾÖÐ, ²¢ÓëµØÇò»¯Ñ§¡¢Í¬Î»ËصÈÖ¸±êÓкܺõĶÔÓ¦ÐÔ (Clift et al., 2014;Yang et al., 2016) .
¡¡¡¡ÁíÍâ, ÖµµÃÒ»ÌáµÄÊÇ, ³àÌú¿óºÍÕëÌú¿óÊÇÍÁÈÀµÄÖ÷ÒªÖÂÉ«Òò×Ó, ³àÌú¿óʹÍÁÈÀÏÔºìÉ«, ¶øÕëÌú¿óʹÍÁÈÀÏÔ»ÆÉ« (Torrent et al., 1983;Zhang et al., 2009) .ÖйúÄÏ·½¹ã²¼ºìÍÁ³Á»ý, ¶ø±±·½Ôò¶Ñ»ýÁ˾޺ñµÄ»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐ, ¿ÉÍƲâºìÍÁÖк¬ÓÐÏà±È»ÆÍÁ¸ü¶àµÄ³àÌú¿ó, Õâ´ÓÁíÒ»·½ÃæÂÛÖ¤ÁËÖйúÄÏ·½ÔÚµÚËļÍÒÔÀ´¾ÀúÁ˱ȱ±·½¸üÎÂů³±ÊªµÄ¼¾·çÐÔÆøºò (Zhao et al., 2017) .
3 ¾ÖÏÞÓëÕ¹Íû
¡¡¡¡3.1 ²»Í¬ÇøÓòÄÚÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ¹ÅÆøºò±íÕ÷
¡¡¡¡Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï¶Ôµ±µØÆøºòÑÝ»¯µÄ·´Ó³Ö÷ÒªÊÜÎïÔ´ÊäÈë¡¢³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓõÈÒòËصÄÓ°Ïì, µ±·ç»¯Ìõ¼þϵijÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÓ°Ïì´óÓÚÎïÔ´ÊäÈëʱ, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ×é³É¿ÉÒÔÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏÖؽ¨µ±µØµÄÆøºòÑÝ»¯.ÀýÈçÔڷ绯³Ì¶ÈÇ¿ÁÒ (CIA¡Ý80;Hong et al., 2010;Lu et al., 2015) µÄÖйúÄÏ·½ºìÍÁÖÐ, ³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓöÔÌåϵÄÚÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏµÄÓ°Ïì´óÓÚÎïÔ´ÊäÈëµÄÓ°Ïì, ËùÒÔÔÚ´ËÇøÓòÄÚÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÊÇÓÅÁ¼µÄ¹Å·ç»¯Óë¹ÅÆøºòÌæ´úÖ¸±ê (Wang and Yang, 2013) .Ôڷ绯³Ì¶ÈÖÐµÈ (60¡ÜCIA<80;Jahn et al., 2001) µÄ»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐÖÐ, À´×ÔÎ÷±±Ô´Ô´²»¶ÏµÄ¾ÞºñÎïÔ´ÊäÈëÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϽµµÍÁ˳ÉÍÁ×÷ÓöÔÌåϵÖÐÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏµÄÓ°Ïì, Òò´ËÔڷ绯³Ì¶ÈÆ«µÍµÄ»ÆÍÁ²ãÖÐ, ÒÁÀûʯº¬Á¿Æ«µÍ, ¶ø¸ßÁëʯº¬Á¿Æ«¸ß;¶øÔڷ绯³Ì¶ÈÆ«¸ßµÄ¹ÅÍÁÈÀ²ãÖÐÕ³ÍÁº¬Á¿½á¹ûÇ¡Ç¡Ïà·´ (Gylesj9and Arnold, 2006) .ÕâÓëÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÉú³ÉÓëÑÝ»¯±¾ÉíËù´ú±íµÄÆøºòº¬Òå½ØÈ»Ïà·´.ÕâÊÇÒòΪÔÚÖеȳ̶ȷ绯µÄ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐ, ½«Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×÷Ϊ¹ÅÆøºòÖ¸±êʱ, ÐèÒª³ä·Ö¿¼Âǵ½ÎïÔ´¶ÔÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏµÄÓ°Ïì, ·ñÔòµÃµ½µÄ½á¹ûÊDz»¿É¿¿µÄ.ÁíÍâ, ÔÚÖйúÄϺ£µÄº£Ïà³Á»ýÎïÖÐ, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï¶Ô¼¾·çÆøºòµÄָʾÖ÷Ҫͨ¹ýÎïÔ´¹©¸øÓëµ±´úµÄÑóÁ÷ÔËÊäÀ´ÊµÏÖ, ÑóÁ÷ÔËÊäÔÚ¾ö¶¨Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏÉÏÆðµ½Á˾Ù×ãÇáÖصÄ×÷Óà (Liu et al., 2007, 2010;Dou et al., 2010, 2014;Yu et al., 2016) ;Öйú»ÆºÓÓ볤½µÄºÓÁ÷³Á»ýÎïÖÐÖ÷µ¼µÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓÐÏÊÃ÷µÄ²î±ð, ÆäÖг¤½ÅèµØº¬Óн϶à¸ßÁëʯ, ·´Ó³Á˽ÏÇ¿ÁҵĻ¯Ñ§·ç»¯¹ý³Ì, »ÆºÓÅèµØº¬Óн϶àÃÉÍÑʯ, Óë½ÏÇ¿µÄÎïÀí·ç»¯×÷ÓÃÓйØ.ÕâÖÖÕ³ÍÁ×éºÏµÄ·Ö²¼³ýÁËÓëÆøºòÃÜÇÐÏà¹ØÍâ, »¹ÓëºÓÁ÷ÅèµØÄÚ¹¹ÔìÓÐ¹Ø (Yang et al., 2004;Wang and Yang, 2013) .ÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑǾ³ÄÚºÓÁ÷Ïà³Á»ýÎïÖÐ, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ×éºÏÓëºÓÁ÷ÔËÊä¡¢´¢´æµÄ¹ØÁªÐÔ¸üÃÜÇÐ, ¶øÓëµÚËļÍÆøºòµÄ¿ìËÙÑÝ»¯ÎÞÃ÷ÏÔÏà¹ØÐÔ (Gingele and de Deckker, 2004;Gingele et al., 2007) .ÒÔÉÏÁ½¸öÀý×ÓҲ˵Ã÷ºÓº£³Á»ýÎïÖÐË®ÌåµÄÔËÊäÁ¦ÒÔ¼°¹¹ÔìÒòËضÔÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏÒ²Óо޴óµÄÓ°Ïì.
¡¡¡¡ÒÔÉÏʵÀý³ä·Ö˵Ã÷, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÔÚ±íÕ÷¹ÅÆøºòÓë¹Å·ç»¯ÐÅϢʱÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄµØÓòÐÔÓë¾ÖÏÞÐÔ, ÔÚ¿¼ÂÇʹÓÃÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×éºÏ×÷Ϊ¹ÅÆøºòÌæ´úÖ¸±ê֮ǰ, ÐèÒª³ä·Ö¿¼Âǵ±µØµÄÇøÓòµØÖʱ³¾°¡¢·ç»¯Ç¿Áҳ̶ȡ¢ÎïÔ´ÊäÈëµÈÒòËصÄÓ°Ïì, ²¢½«½á¹ûÓëÆäËûÖ¸±êÏà¶Ô±ÈÒÔÈ·±£Æä¿É¿¿ÐÔ.
¡¡¡¡3.2 ²»Í¬ÆøºòÌØÕ÷ÏÂÌú¿óÎïµÄ¹ÅÆøºò±íÕ÷
¡¡¡¡3.2.1 ·ç»¯³Ì¶È¾ö¶¨´Å»¯ÂʵÄÊÊÓÃÐÔ
¡¡¡¡´Å»¯ÂʶԹýÈ¥Æøºò±ä»¯µÄ±íÕ÷ÓÐÖî¶à¿Í¹ÛÌõ¼þµÄÖÆÔ¼, ÕâÒ»ÊôÐÔÔÚÊÀ½ç¸÷µØµÄ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖж¼ÓбíÏÖ.ÀýÈç, ÔÚÖÐγ¶ÈÖеȷ绯µÄ»ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐÖÐ, ÀýÈçÖйú»ÆÍÁ¸ßÔ¡¢Öж«µØÇø¡¢Å·ÖÞÖв¿µÈµØ, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴŻ¯ÂÊÓë·ç»¯Ç¿ÁÒµÄÇ¿¶ÈÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÕýÏà¹Ø¹Øϵ (Maher, 1998;Ho2ek et al., 2015) .¶øÔÚ¸ßγ¶ÈÈõ·ç»¯µÄÎ÷²®ÀûÑÇ¡¢°¢À˹¼ÓµÈµØ, ÒÔ¼°ÖеÍγ¶È·ç»¯Ç¿ÁÒµÄÖйúÄÏ·½¡¢ÄÏÑÇ¡¢°¢¸ùÍ¢µÈµØ, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴŻ¯ÂÊÓëÆäËûÖ¸±ê²¢ÎÞÌ«¶àÏà¹ØÐÔ (Maher, 1998;Hu et al., 2009) .ÕâÖÖ²îÒìÐÔ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÒÔϼÙ˵À´²ûÃ÷:Óë´Å»¯ÂÊÏà¹ØµÄ´Å³àÌú¿óÊÇË®Ìú¿óÑõ»¯×ª±äΪ³àÌú¿óµÄÖмä²úÎï, ÔÚ½ÏÇ¿µÄÑõ»¯»·¾³Ï²»Îȶ¨, ¼«Ò×ת±äΪ³àÌú¿ó, ´Ëת»¯¹ý³Ì¿ÉÒÔ¼òµ¥±íÊöΪˮÌú¿ó¡ú´Å³àÌú¿ó¡ú³àÌú¿ó (Cornell and Schwertmann, 2003;Torrent et al., 2007) .ËùÒÔÔÚ¼«Èõ·ç»¯Ìõ¼þÏÂ, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴŻ¯ÂÊ¿ÉÄܴ󲿷ÖÀ´×ÔÓÚÔÑҵĴÅÐÔ¿óÎï, À´×Ô³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÐÂÉúµÄ¼«ÉÙ;¶øÔÚÇ¿Áҵķ绯¹ý³ÌÖÐ, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴųàÌú¿ó´óÁ¿µØת±äΪ³àÌú¿ó, ËùÒÔ´Å»¯ÂÊÒ²¾ÍʧȥÁ˱íÕ÷¹ÅÆøºòµÄÒâÒå.Òò´Ë, ÖÐγ¶È·ç»¯³Ì¶ÈÖеȵÄÍÁÈÀÖÐ, ´Å»¯ÂʵÄÔö¼Ó´ó²¿·ÖÀ´×ÔÓÚ³ÉÍÁ×÷Óü°·ç»¯Ç¿¶ÈµÄÔö¼Ó, ´ËʱµÄ´Å»¯ÂÊÊÇÁ¼ºÃµÄ¹ÅÆøºòÌæ´úÖ¸±ê.
¡¡¡¡ÁíÍâ, ½üÄêÀ´, ѧÕßÃÇÇãÏòÓÚ½«ÍÁÈÀµÄ´Å»¯ÂÊ (¦Ö) ¡¢·ÇÖÍÊ£´ÅÌØÐÔ (ARM) ¡¢µÈÎÂÊ£´ÅÌØÐÔ (IRM) µÈ´ÅÐÔÌØÕ÷½áºÏÑо¿, ̽ÌÖÁ˳ÉÍÁÌåϵÖи÷ÖÖÌú¿óÎïµÄת»»ãÐÖµÓë¹ý³Ì, ÒÔÆڵõ½³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÏ´ÅÐÔÔöÇ¿µÄģʽ¹æÂÉ, ²¢È¡µÃÁËÔ½À´Ô½¶àµÄ³É¹û (Deng et al., 2004;Torrent et al., 2007;Hu et al., 2015;Rupp et al., 2016) .
¡¡¡¡3.2.2 ÆøºòÀàÐ;ö¶¨³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óµÄÊÊÓÃÐÔ
¡¡¡¡ÓÉÓÚ´óÁ¿µØÐγɳàÌú¿óµÄ×î¼ÑÌõ¼þÊǸÉʪ½»ÌæµÄÆøºòÓë½ÏΪ·á¸»µÄÄ꽵ˮÁ¿, Òò´ËÎÂů³±ÊªµÄ¼¾·çÆøºòϳàÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óÊÇÊÊÓÃÐÔÉϼѵÄÆøºòÖ¸±ê.µÚËļÍÒÔÀ´, ÔÚÏļ¾, ¶«ÑǼ¾·ç¡¢Ó¡¶È¼¾·ç¡¢ÄÏÑǼ¾·çµÈ¶à¹ÉÏļ¾·çΪÑÇÖÞ¶«²¿´øÀ´ÈÈÁ¿Óë·áÅæµÄ½µË®;µ½Á˶¬¼¾, ÓÖÖ÷ÒªÊܵ½¶«ÑǶ¬¼¾·çÓëÑÇÖÞÎ÷·çËù´øÀ´µÄÇ¿ÁҵĸÉÀä¿ÕÆøµÄÓ°Ïì (An, 2000;Guo et al., 2000;An et al., 2001) .Òò´ËÑÇÖÞ¶«²¿ÐγÉÁËÀûÓÚ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó¹²Í¬Éú³ÉµÄ»·¾³.ÀýÈçÖйúµÄ±±·½ÓëÄÏ·½µÄÍÁÈÀ³Á»ýÎï (Ji et al., 2001;Balsamet al., 2004;Zhang et al., 2009) ¡¢ÖйúÄϺ£µÄº£Ïà³Á»ýÎïÖÐ (Clift et al., 2014) , ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó×÷Ϊ¸¨ÖúÖؽ¨Í¬Ê±ÆÚµÚËļÍÆøºòµÄÑÝ»¯Óë·´Ó³²»Í¬¼¾·çϵͳµÄ´ËÏû±Ë³¤µÄÖ¸±êµÃµ½Á˺ܺõÄÓ¦ÓÃ.È»¶ø, µ±ÆøºòÀàÐÍÖÐûÓкµ¼¾¼ä¸ôʱ, ±ÈÈçÖÕÄ곱ʪ¶àÓêµÄÓêÁÖÆøºò, ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óµÄ×é³ÉÓ뺬Á¿¾ÍÎÞ·¨·´Ñݵ±µØµÄ¹ÅÆøºò±ä»¯ (Harris and Mix, 1999;Abrajevitch et al., 2009;Zhao et al., 2017) .Òò´Ë, ÔÚ¸Éʪ½»ÌæµÄ¼¾·çÐÔÆøºòÀàÐÍÏÂ, ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¡¢¿É¿¿µÄ¹ÅÆøºòÖؽ¨Ö¸±ê.
¡¡¡¡3.3 ÐÂÐͷ绯ָ±êµÄÑ°ÕÒÓëÕ¹Íû
¡¡¡¡ÔÚµ±½ñµÄµØÖÊѧÑо¿ÖÐ, ¶ÔijÇøÓòÄÚ¹ýÈ¥ÆøºòÀúÊ·Óë»·¾³±äǨʷµÄ½âÒëͨ³£ÐèÒª¶àÖ¸±ê¶Ô±ÈÑéÖ¤µÄ·½·¨ (Clift et al., 2014;Sun et al., 2015a;Zhao et al., 2017) .Ëæ׎üÄêÀ´µØÖÊѧ¸÷ÁìÓòÄÚÔ½À´Ô½ÏȽøµÄ²âÊÔÒÇÆ÷µÄ³öÏÖ, ѧÕßÃÇÒ»°ãͨ¹ýÁ½ÖÖÊÖ¶ÎÀ´¼ÓÉîÔÓеÄÑо¿, Ò»ÊDz»¶ÏÌá¸ß·ç»¯Ö¸±êµÄ¾«¶È, Ôö¼ÓÑо¿ÇøµÄÊý¾ÝÁ¿ (Chen et al., 2014;Sun et al., 2016b;Yu et al., 2016) ;¶þÊÇ»ý¼«Ñ°ÕÒеĵØÖÊѧ·½·¨, ´´½¨ÐÂÐ͵ķ绯ָ±ê (Balsamet al., 2004;Buggle et al., 2011;Cudahy et al., 2016) .ÏÂÎÄÄÚÈÝÒÔ¹âÆ×ѧΪÀý, Õ¹ÍûÁËÆä×÷ΪÐÂÐͷ绯ָ±êµÄ¿ÉÄÜ.
¡¡¡¡½üÄêÀ´, ¹âÆ×ѧÔÚÑо¿ÍÁÈÀµÄ¸÷ÖÖÐÔÄÜ·½ÃæµÃµ½ÁËÔ½À´Ô½¶àµÄ¹Ø×¢.¹âÆ×ѧÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¿ìËÙ¡¢ÎÞËð¡¢ÎÞÐè·±ËöÑùÆ·Ç°ÆÚ´¦Àí²¢ÇÒÐԼ۱ȼ«¸ßµÄ¼¼ÊõÊÖ¶Î, ¹ã·ºÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÍÁÈÀpH¡¢Êª¶È¡¢»îÐÔ¡¢Àë×Óת»»ÄÜÁ¦¡¢Óлú̼¡¢Ì¼ËáÑΡ¢×ܵªÁ¿µÈµÄ·ÖÎö¼ì²â (Soriano-Disla et al., 2013;Nocita et al., 2014) .·ç»¯³ÉÍÁ¹ý³ÌÖеäÐ͵IJúÎï (Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎï) µÄÌØÕ÷·åλÓڿɼû¹âÖÁ¶Ì²¨ºìÍâ¹âÆ×·¶Î§ (VSWIR;350~2 500nm;ͼ4) .ÆäÖÐÍÁÈÀÖÐ×ÔÉúÌú¿óÎï (³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿ó) µÄ×îÖØÒªµÄÌØÕ÷·åλÓڿɼû¹âÖÁ¶Ì²¨ºìÍâÇøÓò (ͼ4a;350~1 000nm;VNIR) , Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎï×îÖØÒªµÄÌØÕ÷·åλÓڶ̲¨ºìÍâÇøÓò (ͼ4b;1 000~2 500nm;SWIR) (da Cruz et al., 2015;Zheng et al., 2016) .Ëæ×ŷ绯³Ì¶ÈµÄ²»Í¬, ÍÁÈÀÌåϵÖÐ×ÔÉú¿óÎïµÄº¬Á¿²»¶Ï±ä»¯, VSWIRͼÆ×ÌØÕ÷·åµÄ¼¸ºÎѧ²ÎÊý (·åλ¡¢·åÇ¿¡¢·å¿í¡¢°ë¸ß¿í¡¢¶Ô³ÆÐÔµÈ) ¶¼»áËæÖ®¸Ä±ä.ÒÔÕëÌú¿óÓëÒÁÀûʯΪÀý:ÕëÌú¿óÔÚ~500 nm, ~700 nmÓë~900nm×óÓÒ¶¼ÓеäÐ͵ÄÌØÕ÷·å, µ±·ç»¯³Ì¶È½µµÍ, Æøºò±äÀäʱ, λÓÚ~900nmµÄ·åλ»áÓÒÒÆ, λÓÚ~700nmµÄ·åÇ¿»áÔö´ó (ͼ4a;Murphy et al., 2013, 2014) ;ÒÁÀûʯÔÚ~1 400nm, ~1 900nmÓë~2 200nm´æÔÚÏÔ×ŵÄÌØÕ÷·å, µ±ÆøºòÓÉůʪÏò¸ÉÀäת±äʱ, λÓÚ~1 400nmÓë~2 200nm·åµÄ¶Ô³ÆÐÔÔö´ó, ~2 200nm·åµÄ·åλ×óÒÆ, ·åÇ¿±äÈõ (ͼ4b;da Cruz et al., 2015) .¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇ, VSWIR·¶Î§ÄÚÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎïµÄÌØÕ÷·åÖµ¡¢·åλµÈ¼¸ºÎѧÌØÕ÷Ëù·´Ó³µÄÐÅÏ¢ÓëXRD·ÖÎöËùµÃµÄ½á¹ûÏàÒ»Ö (Cudahy et al., 2016;Leask and Ehlmann, 2016) .ÕâÖÖÒ»ÖÂÐÔʹµÃVSWIR¹âÆ×ѧÌØÕ÷¶Ô¹Å·ç»¯ÒÔ¼°¹ÅÆøºò¹ý³ÌÐÅÏ¢µÄ·´ÑݳÉΪ¿ÉÄÜ.
¡¡¡¡Í¼4 ²¿·Ö³£¼ûÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎïÔÚVSWIR¹âÆ×ÇøÓòÄÚµÄÌØÕ÷·å
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¡¡¡¡³ÉÍÁ×÷ÓÃÖÐÐÂÉú³ÉµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÖ±½ÓÊܳÉÍÁÆÚÊ¢ÐеĻ·¾³×´Ì¬ÓëÆøºòÌõ¼þµÄÓ°Ïì, ËùÒÔÆä×é³É¡¢Á£¶È¡¢º¬Á¿¡¢½á¾§¶ÈµÈ¿óÎïѧÌØÕ÷³ä·Ö¼Ç¼Á˳ÉÍÁÆÚµÄÆøºòÓë»·¾³ÐÅÏ¢.ÆäÖÐÒÁÀûʯ¡¢ÂÌÄàʯ¡¢òÎʯ¡¢ÃÉÍÑʯ¡¢¸ßÁëʯµÈÍÁÈÀÖг£¼ûµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï¾ßÓм«ÆäÏÊÃ÷µÄÆøºò·´ÑÝÒâÒå, µ¥¶ÀµÄijÖÖÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄº¬Á¿ÌØÕ÷»òÕßijЩճÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ±ÈÖµ±ä»¯¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´·´Ó³³ÉÍÁÆڵķ绯³Ì¶ÈÓëÆøºòÑÝ»¯ÌØÕ÷.ÁíÍâ, Ëæ×Å΢¹Û·ÖÎö¼¼ÊõµÄ²»¶Ï½ø²½, Õ³ÍÁ¿óÎïµÄ΢¹Ûת»»ÌØÕ÷¸üÊÇΪ³ÉÍÁÆÚµÄÆøºòת±äÌṩÁËÖ±½ÓµÄÖ¤¾Ý.
¡¡¡¡³ýÁËÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎï, ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÒ²»áÐÂÉú³É²¿·Ö´ÅÌú¿ó¡¢´Å³àÌú¿óµÈ´ÅÐÔÌú¿óÎïÓë³àÌú¿ó¡¢ÕëÌú¿óµÈ·Ç/Èõ´ÅÐÔÌú¿óÎï.×ÔÉúµÄÌú¿óÎïÊÇ·´Ó³³ÉÍÁÆÚµÄʪ¶ÈÌõ¼þ¡¢Î¶ȷ¶Î§µÄÓÐЧָ±ê, Òò´Ë¶Ôµ±Ê±µÄÆøºòÑÝ»¯ÀúÊ·Ò²ÓëºÜºÃµÄָʾÒâÒå.´ÅÌú¿óÓë´Å³àÌú¿óµÄº¬Á¿Óë´Å»¯ÂÊϢϢÏà¹Ø, »ÆÍÁ-¹ÅÍÁÈÀÐòÁÐÖеĴŻ¯ÂÊÓëÉÑõͬλËز¨¶¯ÓÐÃ÷ÏÔµÄÕýÏà¹Ø¹Øϵ, Ö¤Ã÷´Å»¯ÂÊ¿ÉÒÔ°ïÖú·´ÑÝ´ó½¹ÅÆøºòÌØÕ÷.ÁíÒ»·½Ãæ, ³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óÔÚ³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖеĴËÏû±Ë³¤Óë¼¾·çÐÔµÄÆøºò±ä»¯Ïà¶ÔÓ¦, ¶ÀÁ¢µÄ³àÌú¿óºÍ/»òÕëÌú¿óµÄº¬Á¿±ä»¯, »òÕß³àÌú¿óÓëÕëÌú¿óµÄ±ÈÖµ¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓÃ×÷¼¾·çÆøºòÑÝ»¯µÄÖ¸±ê.
¡¡¡¡³ÉÍÁÌåϵÖÐÐÂÉúµÄÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïÓëÌú¿óÎïµÄ¿óÎïѧÌØÕ÷ÔÚÒ»¶¨Ìõ¼þ϶¼¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ¶ÀÁ¢µÄ·´Ó³ÆøºòÐÅÏ¢µÄÁ¼ºÃÖ¸±ê.µ«ÊÇÔÚÕæÕý½«ÆäÓ¦ÓÃÔÚijÑо¿ÇøÓòÖÐʱ, »¹Òª³ä·Ö¿¼Âǵ±µØµÄµØÖʱ³¾°¡¢ÎïÔ´¹©¸ø¡¢ÆøºòÀàÐÍ¡¢³ÉÍÁÌõ¼þµÈÒòËصÄÖÆÔ¼.ÔÚ½«Ä³¹ÅÆøºòÖ¸±êÓ¦ÓÃÓÚʵ¼ÊÑо¿ÖÐʱ, ҪעÒâ½áºÏÖ÷Á¿ÔªËØ¡¢Î¢Á¿ÔªËØ¡¢Á£¶È·Ö²¼¡¢Í¬Î»ËصÈÖ¸±ê¹²Í¬Ó¡Ö¤, ʹµÃµÃµ½µÄ½áÂÛÇåÎú¿É¿¿.ÁíÍâ, ÔÚ½ñºóµÄÑо¿ÖÐ, Ó¦¸Ã»ý¼«Ì½Ñ°¹âÆ×ѧµÈеķ绯ָ±ê, ÔÚ¶àÖ¸±êµÄ¹²Í¬Öؽ¨ÏÂÁ¦Çó¶ÔÇøÓòÄڵĹÅÆøºòÀúÊ·ÍêÕû¡¢¾«×¼µÄ±í´ï.
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
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