Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì°²È«¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ¼°²ßÂÔ

[ÕªÒª]µ±Ç°ÓÉÓÚÍÁµØ×ÊÔ´µÄ½ôÕźÍÈËÃǶÔÓÚ½¨ÖþµÄÐèÇóµÄÔö¼Ó£¬Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿Ò²Ô½À´Ô½¶à£¬ÊÇÐí¶à¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÖÐÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ»ù´¡»·½Ú¡£×÷Ϊ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿»ù´¡´¦Àí·ÖÏ³Ì£¬Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖлáÃæÁÙ×ÅÐí¶àµÄ°²È«·çÏÕÒòËØ£¬²¢ÇÒÓÉÓÚ¹ÜÀíÉϵIJ»µ½Î»£¬Ôì³Éʵ¼Ê´æÔÚ×ÅÐí¶à°²È«ÎÊÌ⣬¶ÔÓÚÕûÌ幤³ÌÏîÄ¿À´ËµÊÇÑÏÖصݲȫÒþ»¼£¬Îª´ËÐèÒª¶ÔÕâЩÎÊÌâ½øÐÐ×ܽá·ÖÎö£¬²¢²ÉÈ¡ÓÐЧµÄ´ëÊ©ÓèÒÔ¿ØÖÆ¡£

[¹Ø¼ü´Ê]Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì£»°²È«¹ÜÀí

µ±Ç°ÎÒ¹ú³ÇÊл¯µÄ½ø³Ì²»¶Ï¼Ó¿ì£¬¶ÔÓÚ½¨Öþ¹¤³ÌµÄÐèÇóÒ²Ô½À´Ô½¸ß£¬¶øÓÐÏ޵ijÇÊÐÍÁµØ×ÊÔ´ÒªÇó½¨Öþ¹¤³ÌÏò¸ß²ãºÍµØϲ»¶Ï·¢Õ¹£¬Òò´ËÔÚ¿ªÕ¹¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÊ©¹¤¾Í±äµÃ·Ç³£ÓбØÒªÁË¡£Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÄܹ»ÎªÕûÌ彨Öþ¹¤³ÌÌṩ¼áʵµÄ»ù´¡£¬´Ó¶ø±£Ö¤½¨Öþ¹¤³ÌµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔºÍʹÓð²È«¡£µ«ÊÇ»ùÓÚÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÌص㣬ÒÔ¼°ÆäÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÃæÁÙµÄÐí¶à°²È«·çÏÕÒòËØ£¬ÔÚÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖмÓÇ¿°²È«¹ÜÀí¾Í±äµÃ·Ç³£ÓбØÒª¡£Í¨¹ýÓÐЧµÄ°²È«¹ÜÀí´ëÊ©£¬Äܹ»¼°Ê±·¢ÏÖÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеݲȫÒþ»¼²¢Ìá³öÔ¤¾¯£¬Ïû³ýÒþ»¼£¬±£ÕϹ¤³Ì˳Àû½øÐУ¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇÌáÉýÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿µÄÖØÒªÊֶΡ£Îª´Ë£¬ÏÂÎĽ«¾ÍÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤°²È«¹ÜÀí·½ÃæµÄÎÊÌâÕ¹¿ª·ÖÎö¡£

1Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÌصã

1.1¶ÔÖܱ߻·¾³Ó°Ïì

ÐèÒª½øÐÐÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤µÄ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîĿͨ³£Î»ÓڱȽϷ±»ªµÄ³ÇÊУ¬Òò´ËÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖУ¬»á¶ÔÖܱߵĻ·¾³ÈçµØϹÜÏß¡¢µØϹìµÀ½»Í¨¡¢´óÐͽ¨ÖþµÈÔì³ÉÓ°Ïì¡£Èç¹û¿ªÍÚ²»µ±»òÕßûÓÐ×öºÃ°²È«·À»¤´ëÊ©£¬ºÜ¿ÉÄÜ»áÔì³ÉÖܱ߽¨ÖþµØ»ù³Á½µ¡¢ÏÂÏݵȰ²È«Ê©¹¤¡£

1.2»ù¿ÓÉî¶ÈÔ½À´Ô½Éî

µ±Ç°ÍÁµØ×ÊÔ´ÈÕÒæ½ôÕÅ£¬ËæÖ®¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèµÄÍÁµØ³É±¾Ò²Ô½À´Ô½¸ß£¬ÔÚ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¹æ»®Ãæ»ýÓÐÏÞµÄÇ°ÌáÏ£¬¿ª·¢ÉÌΪÁË×·ÇóÀûÈó×î´ó»¯£¬Ö»ÄÜ·¢Õ¹µØÉϺ͵ØϵĿռ䣬¶øÕâЩ¶¼¶Ô»ù¿ÓµÄÉî¶ÈÌá³öÁ˸ü¸ßµÄÒªÇó£¬Òò´Ë»ù¿Ó¿ªÍÚµÄÉî¶ÈÒ²¾ÍÔ½À´Ô½´ó£¬Ò»Ð©´óÐ͵Ĺ㳡½¨Öþ»ò³¬¸ß²ã½¨ÖþµÄ»ù¿ÓÉî¶ÈÉõÖÁ´ïµ½ÁË30m£¬´¥¼°µØϵijÐѹˮ²ã£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÃæÁٵݲȫ·çÏÕÒòËØÒ²Ô½À´Ô½¶à£¬°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÄѶÈÒ²²»¶Ï¼Ó´ó[1]

1.3Ê©¹¤ÄѶȴ󣬼¼ÊõÒªÇó¸ß

µ±Ç°¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèµÄ¹æÄ£¾Þ´ó£¬ÏàÓ¦µÄ¶ÔÓÚÉî»ù¿ÓÌå»ýÒ²ÓкܴóµÄÒªÇ󡣶ø»ù¿ÓµÄÌå»ýÔ½´ó£¬¶ÔÓÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеݲȫ·À»¤¡¢¿Óµ×¡Æð¿ØÖƵÄÒªÇóÒ²¾ÍÔ½¸ß£¬Õâ´ó´óÔö¼ÓÁË°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÄѶȡ£ÁíÍ⣬ΪÁ˳ä·ÖÀûÓý¨ÉèÍÁµØ£¬¿ª·¢É̻ᾡ¿ÉÄܵØÓÃ×ãÿһ´çÍÁµØ£¬µ¼Ö»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤µÄ¿Õ¼äÏÁС±ÆØÆ£¬Ôö¼ÓÁË°²È«Ê¹ʷ¢ÉúµÄ·çÏÕ¡£

1.4¹¤³Ì×ÛºÏÐÔ½ÏÇ¿

Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄ¿ªÕ¹¹ý³ÌÉæ¼°¶à¸öרҵµÄÓ¦Óã¬ÀýÈç½á¹¹Á¦Ñ§¡¢µØÖÊѧ¡¢»·¾³Ñ§µÈѧ¿Æ£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÒ²ÐèÒªÓ¦Óõ½Ðí¶àÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ£¬Èç»ù¿Ó¿ªÍÚ¡¢Ö§»¤¡¢»ØÌîµÈ£¬Òò´ËÕû¸ö¹¤³ÌµÄ×ÛºÏÐÔºÜÇ¿¡£ÕýÒòΪÈç´Ë£¬ÔÚ½øÐÐÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÐèÒª¿¼ÂǶ෽ÃæµÄÒòËØ£¬²¢½«¸÷רҵµÄÊ©¹¤ÄÚÈݽøÐÐÓÐЧÕûºÏ¡¢ºÏÀí°²ÅÅ£¬¼ÓÇ¿ÁË°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÄѶȡ£

2°²È«¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ·ÖÎö

2.1°²È«¹ÜÀí×ʽðͶÈë²»×ã

Ðí¶à½¨É赥λµÄ¸ºÔðÈËȱ·¦¶Ô½¨É蹤³ÌÊ©¹¤°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÖØÒªÐÔÈÏʶ£¬Òò´Ëȱ·¦¶Ô¹¤³Ì°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÖØÊÓ£¬ÍùÍù¸ü¼Ó×¢ÖضԹ¤³Ì½ø¶ÈºÍÖÊÁ¿µÄ¹ÜÀí£¬½ø¶øÔÚ½øÐÐ×ʽðͶÈë·ÖÅäʱ£¬ÓÃÓÚ¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄ×ʽðÕ¼±ÈºÜÉÙ£»Í¬Ê±Ò»Ð©½¨É赥λΪÁËÄܹ»»ñÈ¡¸ü¶àµÄÀûÒ棬¶ÔÓÚÉî»ù¿ÓÕâЩÁÙʱÐԵķÖÏ³Ì¹ÜÀí±È½ÏÈÝÒ׺öÊÓ£¬½«¸ü¶àµÄ¹ÜÀí×ʽð·ÅÔÚ¹¤³ÌµÄÖ÷Ì彨ÉèÉÏ£¬¶ÔÓÚÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíͶÈëµÄ×ʽðºÜÉÙ£¬¶ÔÓÚÉî»ù¿Ó°²È«¹ÜÀí·½ÃæͶÈëµÄ×ʽð¸üÉÙ¡£°²È«¹ÜÀí×ʽðµÄȱ·¦ÍùÍùµ¼Ö°²È«·À»¤´ëÊ©²»µ½Î»¡¢ÏÖ³¡µÄ°²È«·À»¤Ìåϵ²»½¡È«¡¢°²È«Ê©¹¤¼¼Êõ²»ÊÊÓᢰ²È«¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±Å䱸²»×ã¡¢²»×¨ÒµµÈµÈ£¬»áÔö¼ÓÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖвúÉú°²È«Ê¹ʵķçÏÕ[2]¡£

2.2¹¤³Ì¿±²ìÉè¼Æ²»ºÏÀí

Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤Ç°£¬±ØÐë¶ÔÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄµØÖÊË®ÎÄÌõ¼þ½øÐÐϸÖµĿ±²ì£¬²¢¾¡Á¿È·±£¿±²ì½á¹ûµÄ׼ȷÐÔ£¬ÕâÑù²ÅÄÜΪÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤Í¼Ö½µÄÉè¼ÆÌṩ»ù´¡²Î¿¼£¬Ò²Îª°²È«¹ÜÀíÌṩ·½Ïò¡£µ«ÊÇʵ¼Ê¿±²ì¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÓÉÓڶ෽ÃæµÄÒòËØ»á´øÀ´¿±²ì½á¹ûÉϵÄʧÕ棬ÀýÈ磬Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌËùÐ迪ÍÚµÄÉî¶È½ÏÉ»òÕßÏÖ³¡µØÖÊÌõ¼þÊ®·Ö¸´ÔÓ¶àÑù»¯£¬ÏÖÓеĿ±²ì¼¼ÊõÎÞ·¨½øÐÐ׼ȷµÄ̽²é£»¶ÔÓÚÉî²ãÍÁÑùµÄÈ¡Ñù²»ºÏÀí¡¢²»¾ßÓдú±íÐÔ£¬µ¼Ö¿±²ì½á¹ûµÄ²»×¼È·£»¿±²ìÈËÔ±×ÔÉíµÄ¿±²ìˮƽ¡¢¹¤×÷̬¶ÈµÈÒ²»á¶Ô¿±²ì½á¹ûÓÐÓ°Ïì¡£¿±²ì½á¹ûµÄʧÕæ»òÎó²î£¬¸ø¹¤³ÌµÄÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÂñÏÂδ֪µÄ°²È«Òþ»¼¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÔÚ½øÐÐÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÉè¼ÆµÄʱºò£¬Ò²»áÓÉÓÚÉè¼Æ·½°¸²»ºÏÀí£¬µ¼Ö²»ÄܲÉÈ¡Ç¡µ±µÄ°²È«¹ÜÀí´ëÊ©£¬Ò²Ôö¼ÓÁËÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеݲȫ·çÏÕ¡£Ö÷Òª±íÏÖÔÚ£º¿±²ì±¨¸æʧÕ棬ͬʱÉè¼ÆÈËÔ±¶ÔÓÚÏÖ³¡Êµ¼ÊÇé¿öûÓнøÐÐʵµØ¿¼²ì£¬µ¼ÖÂÔÚÉè¼Æ¹ý³ÌÖв»Äܽ«°²È«·çÏÕÒòËسä·Ö¡¢×¼È·µØ¿¼Âǵ½£¬½ø¶ø²ÉÈ¡²»ºÏÀíµÄÊ©¹¤·½°¸£»»òÕßÓÉÓÚÉè¼ÆÈËÔ±¹ý·ÖÒÀÀµÓÚ¾­Ñ飬»òÕßÌýÐÅר¼ÒµÄÒâ¼û£¬¶øûÓÐÒÔʵ¼ÊÊý¾Ý×÷Ϊ֧³Å£¬µ¼ÖÂÉè¼Æ½á¹ûÓëʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö²»Ò»Ö£¬²»¾ßÓпÉÐÐÐÔ£¬Ôö¼ÓÊ©¹¤°²È«·çÏÕ[3]¡£

2.3Ê©¹¤ÏÖ³¡¹ÜÀíЧÂʵÍ

Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÒªÏ밲ȫ¡¢Ë³ÀûµØ½øÐУ¬±ØÐë½øÐÐÓÐЧµÄÏÖ³¡°²È«¹ÜÀí¡£µ«ÊǽáºÏµ±Ç°Êµ¼ÊÇé¿öÀ´¿´£¬Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÏÖ³¡°²È«¹ÜÀíÖдæÔÚ׏ÜÀíЧÂʵÍϵÄÎÊÌ⣬µ¼ÖÂÎÞ·¨È·±£¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤µÄ°²È«¡£¾ßÌå±íÏÖÔÚ£ºµÚÒ»£¬¹ÜÀíÈËԱȱ·¦Ò»¶¨µÄÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤×¨ÒµÖªÊ¶µÄÁ˽⣬¶ÔÓÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеIJ»¹æ·¶²Ù×÷²»Äܼ°Ê±·¢ÏÖ²¢¾ÀÕý£¬¶ÔÓÚÕû¸öÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤µÄ¼à¹ÜֻͣÁôÔÚ±í²ã£¬ÎÞ·¨¶Ô¼¼ÊõÓ¦Óùý³ÌÖеݲȫ·çÏÕ½øÐÐÓÐЧ´¦Àí¡£µÚ¶þ£¬°²È«¹ÜÀí´ëÊ©²»ºÏÀí¡£Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤°²È«¹ÜÀí±ØÐë½øÐж¯Ì¬»¯µÄ¹ÜÀí£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÖÐÓеĹÜÀíÈËÔ±²¢²»½øÐÐÏÖ³¡Ñ²²é£¬²»ÄÜËæʱÕÆÎÕÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡Çé¿ö£¬Òò¶øÒ²¾Í²»Äܼ°Ê±µØ·¢ÏÖ°²È«·çÏÕÒòËØ£¬µ¼ÖÂÐí¶à´ëÊ©ÎÞ·¨Âäʵ£¬¹ÜÀíЧÂʵÍÏ¡£µÚÈý£¬°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÖص㲻Ã÷È·£¬Õû¸ö°²È«ÎÊÌâµÄ´¦Àí¶¼ÀË·ÑÔÚÁ÷³ÌÉóÅúÉÏ£¬µ¼ÖÂÎÞ·¨¿ìËÙ¡¢¼°Ê±µØ´¦Àí½ô¼±×´¿ö£¬À­µÍÁËÕûÌå¹ÜÀíЧÂʵÄˮƽ¡£

2.4Éî»ù¿Ó¼à²âÖÊÁ¿µÍ

Éî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÐèÒª½øÐÐʵʱµÄ¶¯Ì¬¼à²â£¬¸ù¾Ý¼à²âÊý¾Ý½øÐзÖÎö£¬Äܹ»·¢ÏÖÉî»ù¿Ó±äÐΡ¢Ö§»¤´ëʩλÒƵȸ÷ÖÖ°²È«Òþ»¼£¬½ø¶ø¼°Ê±Ìá³ö·çÏÕÔ¤¾¯£¬·À·¶°²È«Ê¹ʵķ¢Éú¡£µ«ÊÇʵ¼ÊµÄÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤¼à²â¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚ¼à²â¼¼ÊõÂäºó£¬¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÊý¾Ý²»¹»¾«È·£»»òÕß¼à²âÈËÔ±¼à²âרҵÄÜÁ¦»ò·ÖÎöÄÜÁ¦½ÏÈõ£¬Ö»ÄÜÆðµ½Êý¾Ý¼Ç¼µÄ×÷Ó㬲¢¼òµ¥±¨¸æ¼à²âÊý¾Ý£¬²¢²»ÄܶÔÕâЩÊý¾ÝÕ¹¿ªÉîÈëµÄ·ÖÎö²¢¾«È·ÆÀ¹À°²È«·çÏÕϵÊý£¬Ò²ÎÞ·¨Ìá³ö¾ßÓÐÇ°Õ°ÐÔµÄÔ¤·ÀºÍ´¦Àí´ëÊ©£»¼à²âÈËÔ±Ö°ÒµËØÑø²»¸ß£¬Ãæ¶Ô¿ÝÔïµÄÊý¾Ý¹Û²â¹¤×÷£¬²»Äܱ§ÒÔÈÏÕ渺ÔðµÄ̬¶È£¬ÓпÉÄÜ»áºöÂÔµô¹Ø¼üµÄÐÅÏ¢£»¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíµÄÐÅÏ¢»¯Ë®Æ½½ÏµÍ£¬¼à²âÐÅÏ¢ÄÑÒÔʵÏÖÈ«Ô±¹²Ïí£¬ÔÚ·¢ÏÖ°²È«·çÏÕºóÒ²²»Äܼ°Ê±·¢³öÏÕÇéÔ¤¾¯£¬Ôì³ÉÎÞ·¨¼°Ê±²ÉÈ¡¾ÀÕý´ëÊ©[4]¡£

2.5¼àÀíʧ²ì

Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÐèҪƸÇëµÚÈý·½¼àÀíµ¥Î»£¬ÅÉDz¼àÀí¹¤³Ìʦ½øÐÐÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌµÄ¼à¶½£¬°üÀ¨°²È«¼à¶½¡£µ«ÊÇʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÊÇ£¬¼àÀíµ¥Î»ÊܹÍÓÚ½¨É赥λ£¬ÎªÁ˳ÐÀ¿¼àÀíÒµÎñ£¬Ë³Àû»ñÈ¡±¨³ê£¬ÍùÍù»áÒÔ½¨É赥λµÄÒâ־ΪÖ÷£¬¶øºöÊÓ×ÔÉíËù¸ºµÄ¹¤³Ì¼à¶½¹ÜÀíÖ°Ôð£¬ÔÚ½øÐÐÉî»ù¿ÓÏÖ³¡Ñ²¼ì¼à¶½Ê±Ö»ÊÇ×ß×ß¹ý³¡£¬×ö±íÃ湦·ò£¬Ò²¾Í²»Äܼ°Ê±µØ·¢ÏÖÒþ»¼ËùÔÚ£»¼àÀíÈËÔ±²¢²»¾ß±¸µØÖʹ¤³Ì·½ÃæµÄרҵ֪ʶ£¬¶ÔÓÚһЩ¼¼ÊõÐÔµÄÎÊÌâºÍÒþ»¼ÍùÍùÎÞ·¨Ê¶±ð³öÀ´£¬½ø¶øÒ²²»ÄÜÌá³öÓÐЧµÄ¼¼Êõ°²È«·À»¤´ëÊ©£»¼àÀíÈËÔ±µÄ°²È«Òâʶµ­±¡£¬Ö°ÒµËØÑø²»¸ß£¬²»ÄÜÈÏÕæÂÄÐÐ×ÔÉíµÄ¼à¶½Ö°Ô𣬲»»áÈÏÕæµØÖ´Ðйؼü¹¤ÐòµÄÅÔÕ¾¼àÀí¡¢¸ú×ټලµÈ¼àÀíÖƶȣ¬¶ÔÓÚÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеIJ»¹æ·¶²Ù×÷ºÍ°²È«Òþ»¼²»Äܼ°Ê±µØ·¢ÏÖ²¢ÒªÇó¸ÄÕý¡£

3°²È«¹ÜÀí²ßÂÔ

3.1±£ÕÏÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄ×ʽðͶÈë

½¨É赥λºÍÊ©¹¤µ¥Î»µÄ¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦µ±¼ÓÉî¶ÔÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì°²È«¹ÜÀíÖØÒªÐÔµÄÈÏʶ£¬´Ó¶ø¼ÓÇ¿ÖØÊÓ£¬ÔÚ×¥ºÃ³É±¾¿ØÖƹ¤×÷µÄÇ°ÌáÏ£¬¾¡¿ÉÄܵØÌá¸ß¶ÔÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì°²È«±£ÕÏ·½ÃæµÄ×ʽðͶÈ룬²¢±£ÕÏ×ʽð¼°Ê±·¢·Åµ½Î»¡£ÓÐÁË×ʽð±£ÕϺ󣬻¹ÐèÒª¶Ô×ʽðµÄʹÓüÓÇ¿¼à¹Ü£¬È·±£×¨¿îרÓ㬱£ÕÏÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÔÚ²ÄÁÏÉ豸¡¢ÈËÔ±¡¢¼¼ÊõµÈ·½Ã涼Äܹ»Âú×㰲ȫ¹ÜÀíµÄÐèÇó¡£¾ßÌåÀ´Ëµ£¬×ʽðÓ¦µ±ÓÃÓÚƸÇëרҵµÄ¼¼ÊõÈËÔ±½øÐÐÏÖ³¡Ê©¹¤Ö¸µ¼£¬È·±£¼¼ÊõÑϸñ°´ÕÕÁ÷³Ì½øÐвÙ×÷£¬²»»áÁôÏ°²È«Òþ»¼£»²É¹ºÖÊÁ¿ºÏ¸ñµÄÔ­²ÄÁÏ£¬±ÜÃâÒòÁÓÖʲÄÁÏÔì³ÉµÄÊ©¹¤°²È«·çÏÕÔö¼Ó£»×âÓÃÐÔÄÜÁ¼ºÃµÄÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤É豸£¬È·±£Ë³ÀûÊ©¹¤£¬ÓÐЧ¹æ±Ü»úÆ÷¹ÊÕÏ»ò²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâÔì³ÉµÄ°²È«·çÏÕ¡£

3.2×öºÃÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄ¿±²ìÉè¼Æ

ÔÚ½øÐÐÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄ¿±²ìʱ£¬ÒªÑ¡ÔñרҵµÄµØÖÊ¿±²é¶ÓÎ飬²¢ÇÒ¸ù¾Ý¶ÔÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄ»ù´¡Á˽âÒÔ¼°Éî»ù¿Ó¿ªÍڵĹæÄ££¬À´Ñ¡ÓÃÇ¡µ±µÄ¿±²ì·½·¨ºÍ¼¼Êõ¡£ÀýÈ磬ºÏÀí²¼Öÿ±²âµã£¬È·±£²ÉÑù½á¹û¾ßÓдú±íÐÔ£¬¾¡¿ÉÄÜÌáÉý³¡µØ¿±²â½á¹ûµÄ׼ȷÐÔ£»¶ÔÓÚµØÖÊÌõ¼þ½ÏΪ¸´ÔÓµÄÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡£¬ÒªËæ»úµØ±ä¸ü¿±²â·½·¨»òÔö¼ÓÈ¡ÑùÊýÁ¿£¬ÀýÈç¶ÔÈÛÑÒ²ã½øÐп±²ìʱÐèÒªÏàÓ¦µØÔö¼Ó¿±²âµã£¬¶ÔÈíÍÁ²ã½øÐп±²ìʱ£¬ÒªºÏÀíÑ¡ÔñÖ±¼ôÊÔÑé»òÈýÖáÊÔÑéµÈ£¬ÒÔÌáÉýÍÁ²ãÐÅÏ¢µÄ׼ȷÐÔ¡£³ýÁËÒª×öºÃµØÖÊ×´¿öµÄ¿±²ìÒÔÍ⣬»¹ÐèÒª¶ÔÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡¼°ÖܱߵĻ·¾³½øÐе÷²é£¬Èç»ù¿Ó¿ªÍÚÓ°Ï췶ΧÄڵĽ¨Öþ¡¢±£»¤¶ÔÏó¡¢µØϹÜÏßµÈÐÅÏ¢£¬´Ó¶øΪºóÆÚµÄÉè¼ÆºÍÊ©¹¤°²È«¹ÜÀí·½°¸µÄÖƶ¨ÌṩÓÐЧÐÅÏ¢ÒÀ¾Ý¡£¸ù¾ÝÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡¿±²ìµÃ³öµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬×ۺϷÖÎöÊ©¹¤ÖпÉÄܳöÏֵķçÏÕÒòËØ£¬²¢¾­¹ý¼¼ÊõÂÛÖ¤¡¢¾«ÃܼÆË㣬³ö¾ßºÏÀíµÄÉè¼ÆͼֽºÍ·½°¸£¬Í¬Ê±Éè¼Æ³öÅäÌ×µÄÉî»ù¿ÓÖ§»¤·½°¸¡£Ö§»¤Ìåϵ±ØÐë¼ÆËãºÃ»ù¿ÓÄÚ²¿µÄÁ¦Ñ§¹Øϵ£¬×öºÃÖ§»¤ÌåϵµÄЭµ÷Óëƽºâ£»ÁíÍ⻹Ҫ¶ÔÉî»ù¿ÓµÄ¸÷ÖÖÔÊÐí·¶Î§ÄڵıäÐÎϵÊý½øÐо«È·¼ÆË㣬Éè¼Æ×î¸ß±äÐÎÖµµÄ¿ØÖÆÄ¿±ê£¬ÔÚ³¬³ö×î¸ßÏÞÖµºóÄܹ»¼°Ê±Ìá³öÔ¤¾¯¡£

3.3ÌáÉýÏÖ³¡°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄЧÂÊ

µÚÒ»£¬Å䱸רҵµÄ°²È«¹ÜÀíС×飬¸ºÔðÖ´ÐÐÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÏÖ³¡°²È«¹ÜÀí·½°¸¡£¿ÉÒÔ½«Ã¿¸öÊ©¹¤Ð¡¶ÓÖÐÑ¡ÔñÒ»ÈË£¬´Ó¼¼ÊõÈËÔ±ÖÐÌôÑ¡Ò»ÈË£¬×÷ΪС×éµÄ³ÉÔ±£¬¼æÖ°¸ºÔðÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄ°²È«¹ÜÀí£¬°²ÅÅËûÃǸºÔð×Ô¼ºÊ©¹¤·¶Î§Äڵݲȫ¹ÜÀí£¬ÌáÉý¹ÜÀí¶ÓÎéµÄרҵˮƽ¡£µÚ¶þ£¬ºÏÀí°²ÅÅС×é³ÉÔ±µÄ¹ÜÀíÈÎÎñ£¬²¢Ã¿Ìì½øÐп¼ºË£¬ÒÔ´ËÀ´¶½´Ù¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±¼°Ê±ÂÄÐÐÖ°Ôð¡£¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±Ó¦µ±¶ÔÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡½øÐж¯Ì¬»¯µÄ¹ÜÀí£¬¼ÓǿÿÈÕÏÖ³¡Ñ²²éµÄƵÂÊ£¬ËæʱÕÆÎÕÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö£¬ÄÜÔÚ×î¶ÌµÄʱ¼äÄÚ·¢ÏÖ°²È«Òþ»¼£¬²¢²ÉÈ¡Ó¦¼±´ëÊ©ÓèÒÔ½â¾ö£¬±ÜÃâÓ°Ïìµ½¹¤³Ì˳Àû¿ªÕ¹¡£µÚÈý£¬ÔÚ·½°¸ÖÐÃ÷È·°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÖص㣬¼ò»¯ÉóÅúÁ÷³Ì£¬ÔÚ·¢ÏÖ°²È«Òþ»¼ºóÄܹ»¿ìËÙ¶¯Ô±¸÷·½ÈËÔ±ºÍÎï×Ê£¬½«ÎÊÌâ´¦Àí£¬ÌáÉý¹ÜÀíµÄЧÂÊ[5]¡£

3.4ÌáÉýÉî»ù¿Ó¼à²âÖÊÁ¿

ÔÚÉî»ù¿Ó¼à²âµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÒÔÏ·½Ê½À´ÊµÏÖÌáÉý¼à²âÖÊÁ¿µÄÄ¿µÄ£¬´Ó¶ø¼°Ê±·¢ÏÖÎÊÌ⣬²¢Ìá³ö±¨¾¯£¬Äܹ»²ÉÈ¡ÓÐЧµÄ·À·¶´ëÊ©»ò×öºÃÓ¦¼±×¼±¸¡£¾ßÌå°üÀ¨£ºÑ¡ÔñרҵµÄÈËÔ±½øÐÐÉî»ù¿Ó¼à²â£¬»òÕßίÍиøÓÐ×ÊÖʵĵÚÈý·½µ¥Î»¿ªÕ¹¼à²â£»¼à²âÒª¹á´©Éî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤µÄÕû¸ö¹ý³Ì£¬´Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤×¼±¸µ½Éî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤Íê³É»ØÌîÍÁ·½ºó¶¼Òª½øÐÐʵʱµÄ¼à²â£»Ó¦ÓÃÏȽøµÄ¼à²â¼¼ÊõºÍ¼à²âÉ豸£¬Ê¹µÃ³öµÄÊý¾Ý¸ü¼Ó¾«È·£»¶Ô¼à²âÊý¾Ý½øÐÐʵʱµÄ¼Ç¼²¢¿ªÕ¹×¨ÒµÐԵķÖÎö£¬ÆÀ¹ÀÉî»ù¿ÓµÄ±äÐγ̶ȻòÆäËû°²È«·çÏÕϵÊý£¬·¢ÏÖ³¬³ö±ê×¼·¶Î§ºó£¬Ó¦µ±Á¢¼´Ìá³ö°²È«Ô¤¾¯£¬²¢Äܹ»Ìá³ö¿ÆѧºÏÀíµÄÔ¤·À´ëÊ©£»ÌáÉý¹¤³Ì°²È«¹ÜÀíµÄÐÅÏ¢»¯½¨Éèˮƽ£¬Ê¹¼à²âÊý¾ÝÄܹ»ÊµÊ±ÉÏ´«µ½Æ½Ì¨ÊµÏÖÐÅÏ¢¹²Ïí£¬ÔÚ·¢ÏÖÎÊÌâºóÄܹ»¼°Ê±Í¨Öªµ½¸ºÔðÈË£¬Ê¹Éî»ù¿Ó¼à²âµÄ×÷Óõõ½³ä·Ö·¢»Ó¡£

3.5Ç¿»¯¹¤³Ì¼àÀí

ÔÚÉî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÉèÖù¤³Ì¼àÀíµÄÄ¿µÄ¾ÍÊÇΪÁËÒª¶ÔÕû¸öÊ©¹¤¹ý³Ì½øÐмà¹Ü£¬¶ÔÖص㹤Ðò¿ªÕ¹¸üΪÑϸñµÄÅÔÕ¾¼à¶½£¬´Ó¶ø±£Ö¤Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±°´Õչ淶½øÐÐÊ©¹¤²Ù×÷£¬±ÜÃⰲȫÒþ»¼£¬Îª´Ë±ØÐë³ä·Ö·¢»Ó³ö¼àÀíÈËÔ±µÄ×÷Ó᣼ÓÇ¿¼àÀíµ¥Î»µÄÖÐÁ¢ÐÔ£¬Í¨¹ý½¨Á¢ºÏÀíµÄ¹¤³Ì¼àÀí»úÖÆ£¬Ê¹¼àÀíµ¥Î»ÃâÊܽ¨É赥λ»òÊ©¹¤µ¥Î»µÄÖÆÔ¼£¬Ìá¸ß¼àÀíµ¥Î»ÔÚ¹¤³Ì¼àÀí¹ý³ÌÖеÄȨÏÞ£»»¹ÒªÌáÉý¼àÀíÈËÔ±µÄ×ÔÉíËØÑø£¬¶Ô´ýÉî»ù¿Ó¼àÀíµÄ¹¤×÷Äܹ»ÈÏÕ渺Ôð£¬Ñϸñ°´Õչ涨ÂÄÐÐÖ°Ô𣬽«¼àÀíÖƶȵõ½ÇÐʵµÄÖ´ÐУ»ÔÚ¼à¹Ü¹ý³ÌÖз¢ÏÖÎ¥¹æ²Ù×÷µÈ°²È«Òþ»¼£¬Ó¦µ±ÒªÇóÁ¢¼´Í£Ö¹Î¥¹æ²Ù×÷£¬²¢½øÐÐÕû¸Ä£¬Ïû³ýÒþ»¼£¬·À·¶°²È«Ê¹ʵķ¢Éú¡£3.6×öºÃÓ¦¼±´¦ÀíÔ¤°¸»ùÓÚÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÄѶȴ󡢷çÏÕÒòËضࡢʩ¹¤ÄѶȴóµÈÌص㣬¿ÉÒÔ¸ù¾Ý¹¤³Ìʵ¼ÊµÄÌõ¼þ£¬²¢½áºÏ¾­Ñ飬·ÖÎö³ö¾ßÌåÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÖдæÔڵݲȫ·çÏÕÒòËØ£¬ÒÔ¼°¿ÉÄܳöÏֵݲȫʹʣ¬À´Öƶ¨¿ÆѧÓÐЧµÄÓ¦¼±Ô¤°¸£¬·À·¶Í»·¢Ê¹ʵķ¢Éú£»¼´±ãÒòΪÒâÍâÒòËص¼Ö·¢ÉúÁË°²È«Ê¹ʣ¬Ò²Òª×öºÃÓ¦¼±´¦ÀíµÄ·½°¸£¬ÔÚʹʷ¢ÉúµÄµÚһʱ¼ä£¬°´ÕÕÔ¤°¸²ÉÈ¡ÓÐЧ´ëÊ©£¬¼°Ê±µØ¿ØÖÆʹʷ¢Õ¹£¬¼õÉÙËðʧ¡£

4½áÓï

µ±Ç°½¨Öþ¹¤³ÌµÄ½¨Éè¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Éî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÒѾ­³ÉΪÆäÖÐÖ÷ÒªµÄÒ»Ïî·ÖÏ³Ì£¬ÆäÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¶Ô¹¤³ÌÕûÌåµÄ°²È«Îȶ¨ÓÐ×ÅÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óã¬Îª´Ë±ØÐë¼ÓÇ¿¶ÔÆäÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌµÄ°²È«¹ÜÀí£¬²ÅÄÜÈ·±£¹¤³Ì˳Àû½øÐУ¬ÎªÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÖÊÁ¿Ìṩ±£ÕÏ¡£Õë¶Ôµ±Ç°Éî»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤°²È«¹ÜÀí¹ý³ÌÖдæÔÚµÄһЩÎÊÌ⣬ÐèÒª²ÉȡһϵÁÐÓÐÕë¶ÔÐԵĴëÊ©£¬Í¨¹ý¼ÓÇ¿°²È«¹ÜÀí×ʽðͶÈ룬×öºÃ»ù´¡µÄ¿±²ìÉè¼Æ¹¤×÷£¬Ç¿»¯ÏÖ³¡°²È«¹ÜÀí£¬²¢³ä·Ö·¢»Ó³öÉî»ù¿Ó¼à²âºÍ¼àÀíµÄÖØÒª×÷Óã¬À´ÊµÏֽϺõÄÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³Ì°²È«¹ÜÀíЧ¹û£¬ÎªÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌµÄÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿Ìṩ¼áʵµÄ°²È«±£ÕÏ¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

[1]ÅËÃÎÕ棬뽳ɹ¦.»ùÓڸĽøÏ໥×÷ÓþØÕóµÄ»ù¿ÓÊ©¹¤°²È«·çÏÕÆÀ¼Û[J].Öйú°²È«Éú²ú¿Æѧ¼¼Êõ£¬2020£¨3£©£º125-130.

[2]ÑÏСÀö£¬ÀîºìÑÞ.ÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÔÚ½¨É谲ȫ¹ÜÀíÖеÄÓ¦Ó᪡ª»ùÓÚÐÅÏ¢ÉúÃüÖÜÆÚ¹ÜÀíÊÓ½Ç[J].½¨Öþ¾­¼Ã£¬2019£¨1£©£º68-72.

[3]Íõºê.ÐÂÐÎÊÆϽ¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ¼°Æ䰲ȫ¹ÜÀí·½·¨Ñо¿[J].½¨²ÄÓë×°ÊΣ¬2019£¨22£©£º222-223.

[4]ÁõÕñƽ£¬ÕÔÏÔ²¨£¬ÖÜÏÜΰ.ijÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤°²È«¼à²â[J].ºÚÁú½­¹¤³ÌѧԺѧ±¨£¬2017£¨1£©£º30-35.

[5]Áõ·¼.ÐÂÐÎÊÆϽ¨ÖþÉî»ù¿Ó¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ¼°Æ䰲ȫ¹ÜÀí·½·¨Ñо¿[J].¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÓëÉè¼Æ£¬2020£¨22£©£º42-43.