ÂÛÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÖÐÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí

¹Ø¼ü´Ê£ºÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³Ì;Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí;ÎÊÌâ;´ëÊ©

Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯ÏîÄ¿Êǵ±´ú³ÇÊн¨ÉèÖÐÖØÒªµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÆäÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíЧ¹û£¬Ö±½ÓÄܹ»×÷ÓÃÓÚ³ÇÊеľ«ÉñÃæòÒÔ¼°Éú̬»·¾³µÄ±£»¤¡£Òò¶ø£¬ÔÚÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤½ø³ÌÖУ¬ÒªÖØÊÓ¼à¹ÜÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿£¬ÎªÐÂʱÆڵijÇÊн¨Éèµì¶¨¼áʵµÄ»ù´¡¡£

1Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí½ø³ÌÖгöÏÖµÄÀ§¾³

ÔÚ³ÇÊн¨Éè½ø³ÌÖУ¬Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌµÃµ½Á˼«´óµÄÖØÊÓºÍÇ¿»¯£¬µ«ÆäÖеÄÊ©¹¤¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷ºÍÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿³öÏÖÁ˽϶àÎÊÌ⣬ÈçÊ©¹¤ÆóҵûÓÐÍêÉƵĹÜÀí»úÖƺÍÖÊÁ¿¼à¿Ø¼Æ»®;Ê©¹¤ÆóÒµÄÚ²¿µÄ¹¤×÷ÈËԱרҵ¼¼Äܲ»È«¡¢ËØÖÊÏà¶Ô²»¸ß;¶ÔÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿µÄ°Ñ¿ØËÉÉ¢£¬ÇÒÍùÍùûÓÐÏà¹ØרҵÐÔÇ¿µÄ¼à¹Üµ¥Î»¼à¹ÜÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿µÈ£¬Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯Ïà¹Øµ¥Î»ÐèÒªÖØÊÓÕâЩÎÊÌâ¶ÔÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯·¢Õ¹µÄÑÏÖØÓ°Ï죬԰ÁÖÊ©¹¤ÆóÒµÐèÒý½ø¿ÆѧµÄ¹ÜÀí˼ÏëºÍרҵµÄÈ˲ţ¬¹²Í¬Ì½ÌÖÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеĹÜÀíºÍÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌ⣬ÔÚÌáÉýÆóÒµ¾­¼ÃЧÒæµÄͬʱ£¬±£Ö¤Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌµÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеݲȫ¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷¡£

1.1ȱÉÙ¿ÆѧºÏÀíµÄÊ©¹¤·½°¸

Ô°ÁÖµÄÂÌ»¯ÊÇÕû¸ö³ÇÊн¨ÉèµÄÖØÒªÄÚÈÝ£¬ÔÚһЩ³ÇÊеķ¢Õ¹ºÍ½¨Éè¹ý³ÌÖкöÂÔÁËÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³Ì£¬¶øÇÒ²»Í¬µØÇøµÄÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤¼¼ÊõºÍÀíÄ²»¾¡Ïàͬ£¬µ¼ÖÂÆäÔÚÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹ý³ÌÖÐËæÒâÐÔÏà¶Ô½ÏÇ¿£¬¶ÔÕû¸öÊ©¹¤Á÷³ÌºÍÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡Ò²È±ÉÙÏà¶ÔµÄ¼à¶½»úÖÆ£¬Ã»ÓÐÍêÕûµÄ¹ÜÀíÖƶÈÒýµ¼ºÍÍêÉÆ£¬Õâ¾ÍÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϼõСÁËÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯ÔÚ³ÇÊн¨ÉèÖеĹ¦Ð§¡£ÁíÍ⣬һЩʩ¹¤ÆóҵΪÁË»ñÈ¡¸ü¶àµÄ¾­¼ÃЧÒ棬¾Í»áÔÚÊ©¹¤»·½Ú×öÊֽţ¬Ôڴ˽ø³ÌÖлò¼õÉÙÂÌ»¯Ãæ»ý¡¢»ò¼õÉÙÊ©¹¤²ÄÁÏ£¬×îÖÕ¶ÔÕû¸ö³ÇÊеÄÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯ÓÐ׿«Æä²»ÀûµÄÓ°Ïì¡£»¹ÓÐһЩʩ¹¤ÆóÒµ¶ÔÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯ÏîÄ¿²»¹»ÖØÊÓ£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤·½°¸µÄÉè¼ÆºÍÖ´ÐÐÖУ¬È±ÉÙ¿ÆѧºÏÀíµÄÒÀ¾Ý£¬×è°­Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯ÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷˳Àû¿ªÕ¹£¬ÑÏÖØÓ°ÏìºóÆÚµÄÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹ÜÑø¡£

1.2Ê©¹¤¹ÜÀíģʽÏà¶Ôµ¥Ò»£¬Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄרҵ¼¼ÄÜÓдýÌáÉý

Ò»°ãÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÖеÄÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÔÚ¹¤×÷Ç°¶¼Ã»Óо­¹ýרҵϵͳµÄÅàѵ£¬Ò»°ãרҵÀàµÄ¼¼ÊõÈËÔ±ÍùÍù²»Ô¸ÒâͶÈëµ½»ù²ãµÄÊ©¹¤¹¤×÷ÖУ¬µ¼Ö¾ßÌåµÄÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÈËԱרҵ¼¼ÄܺÍ×ÛºÏËØÑøÓдýÌáÉý£¬¸øʵ¼Ê¹ÜÀíÕߵĹÜÀí¹¤×÷´øÀ´Á˽ϴóµÄÀ§ÄÑ£¬Ò²²»ÀûÓÚ¹ÜÀíÕßÂäʵ¸÷ÖÖÏȽø¿ÆѧµÄ¹ÜÀíÕþ²ßºÍ˼Ïë¡£²¢ÇÒһЩʩ¹¤ÈËÔ±ÔÚ¾ßÌåµÄÊ©¹¤½ø³ÌÖдæÔÚÏû¼«Ê©¹¤µÄÇé¿ö£¬ÑÏÖØÓ°ÏìÕûÌåµÄÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿ºÍÊ©¹¤°²È«£¬ÔÚһЩʩ¹¤ÏÖ³¡Ñ²ÂßÊ©¹¤ÖУ¬Ò²ÎÞ·¨¼°Ê±·¢ÏÖÎÊÌâ¡£

2Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷µÄÖØÒªÐÔ

ÔÚÐÂÊг¡»·¾³µÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬ÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤ÈÝÒ×Êܵ½¸÷Öֿ͹ۡ¢Ö÷¹ÛÒòËصÄÓ°Ï죬ËùÒÔ½¨ÖþÆóÒµÏëÒª×öºÃÊ©¹¤¹ÜÀíºÍÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¼à¿Ø£¬¾ÍÐèÒªÆóÒµ½¨Á¢½¡È«Ïà¹ØµÄ¹ÜÀí»úÖƺͼà¿Ø»úÖÆ£¬ÔÚ½¨ÖþÐÐÒµµÄÊг¡¾ºÕùÖУ¬ÔöÇ¿½¨ÖþÆóÒµµÄ¹ÜÀíÄÜÁ¦ºÍÖÊÁ¿°Ñ¿Ø¼¼Äܼ«ÆäÖØÒª£¬²»¹âÄܹ»´Ù½ø³ÇÊл¯µÄ½¨Éè½ø³Ì£¬»¹Äܹ»ÃÀ»¯³ÇÊл·¾³¡£

3Ç¿»¯Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ¾ßÌå´ëÊ©

Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯ÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÕßΪÁËÇ¿»¯Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíЧ¹û£¬¾ÍÐèÒªÉîÈëÐÂÊг¡ÄÚ²¿£¬»ý¼«µØ̽Ë÷¸÷ÖÖÏȽø¿ÆѧµÄ¹ÜÀíÀíÄîºÍ˼ά£¬Òý½øÓÅÖʵŤÒÕºÍÊ©¹¤¼¼ÄÜ£¬Öð²½ÓÅ»¯Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíЧ¹û¡£

3.1×öºÃÊ©¹¤Ç°ÆÚµÄ×¼±¸¹¤×÷

¾ßÌåÐèÒª×öµ½ÒÔÏÂ3µã£ºµÚÒ»£¬Ê©¹¤·½°¸Éè¼ÆÕßÒªÊìÖªÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯Ãæ»ý¹¹ÔìºÍÖ²ÎïÉú³¤µÄÏ°ÐÔ£¬²¢½áºÏµ±µØÆøºò¼°³ÇÊн¨ÉèµÄÒªÇ󣬴Ӷø×ö³ö¿ÆѧºÏÀíµÄÊ©¹¤·½°¸Éè¼Æ£¬ÎªÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌµÄ½¡¿µÊ©¹¤ºÍÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÌṩÖØÒªµÄÇ°Ìá±£ÕÏ;µÚ¶þ£¬Ê©¹¤ÆóÒµÒªÊì֪ʩ¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄµØÐεØòÒÔ¼°Ê©¹¤»·¾³£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤·½°¸µÄÒýµ¼Ï£¬Ì½Ë÷Ê©¹¤Öеĸ÷ÖÖ°²È«Òþ»¼ºÍ¿ÉÄܳöÏÖµÄÎÊÌ⣬´Ó¶ø×öºÃÈ«ÃæµÄÓ¦¼±Ô¤°¸;µÚÈý£¬ÒªÇ¿»¯Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíЧ¹û£¬¾ÍÐèÒª´ÓÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±¡¢Ê©¹¤¹¤ÒÕÒÔ¼°Ê©¹¤²ÄÁÏ·½ÃæÈëÊÖ£¬²¢ÇÒÒÀÕÕ²»Í¬µÄÊ©¹¤ÐèҪʵÐÐרҵµÄÅàѵ£¬ÒÔ´ËÀ´Ç¿»¯Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄרҵËØÑø£¬È·±£Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíЧ¹û¡£

3.2½¨Á¢Ïà¶ÔÍêÕûµÄÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí»úÖÆ

ÔÚÎÒ¹ú³ÇÊл¯µÄ½¨Éè½ø³ÌÖУ¬Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤±Ø²»¿ÉÉÙ£¬²¢ÇÒΪÁËÇ¿»¯Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíЧ¹û£¬Ê©¹¤ÆóÒµ¾ÍÐèÒª½áºÏµ±µØ³ÇÊеÄÂÌ»¯ÏÖ×´ÒÔ¼°¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤·½°¸£¬½¨Á¢Ïà¶ÔÍêÕûµÄÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¼à¹Ü»úÖÆ£¬¸øʵ¼Ê¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷ÌṩÖØÒªµÄÖƶÈÖ§³Ö¡£Ôڴ˽ø³ÌÖÐÏîÄ¿¸ºÔðÈ˸ü¼ÓÐèҪʵµØ¿±²ìÁ˽âʵ¼ÊÊ©¹¤»·¾³ºÍÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ£¬´Ó¶øÖð²½ÍêÉÆÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí»úÖÆ£¬Öð²½Ô¼ÊøÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤Öеĸ÷ÖÖ²»Á¼Ë¼ÏëºÍ²»Á¼ÐÐΪ£¬´Ó¶ø±£ÕϹ¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿´ïµ½×îÓŵÄЧ¹û¡£

3.3¼à¿ØºÍ¹ÜÀíÊ©¹¤µÄÈ«²¿»·½Ú

¼à¿ØºÍ¹ÜÀíÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤µÄÈ«¹ý³Ì£¬Ö÷ÒªÖ¸µÄÊÇÔÚÕû¸öÊ©¹¤½ø³ÌÖУ¬ÎÞÂÛÊÇÊ©¹¤Ç°¡¢Ê©¹¤ÖУ¬»¹ÊÇÊ©¹¤ºóÆÚ¶¼ÐèÒª½øÐмà¿ØºÍ¹ÜÀí£¬°üº¬ÁËÊ©¹¤·½°¸µÄÉè¼Æ¡¢Ê©¹¤²ÄÁϵÄʹÓÃÒÔ¼°Ê©¹¤ÉèÊ©µÄά»¤ºÍ±£Ñø£¬ÒÔ´ËÀ´±£ÕÏÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿µÄ¹ÜÀíЧ¹û£¬Ç¿»¯Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤½ø³Ì¡£¶ÔÊ©¹¤Ç°ÆÚµÄÊ©¹¤·½°¸Éè¼Æ¹ÜÀí£¬ÉÏÎĵÚÒ»Ìõ´ëÊ©ÒѾ­Öصã˵Ã÷ÁË¡£ÄÇô¶ÔÊ©¹¤½ø³ÌÖеÄÊ©¹¤²ÄÁϹÜÀí£¬¾ßÌåÐèÒª×öµ½ÒÔÏÂ3µã£ºÆäÒ»ÊÇÑÏÃܼà¿ØÊ©¹¤²ÄÁϵIJɹºÁ÷³Ì£¬¾¡Á¿Ñ¡È¡ÈýÓвúÆ·£¬ÕùÈ¡´ÓÔ´Í·Éϱ£ÕÏÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿;Æä¶þÊÇÒª°²È«´æ·ÅÊ©¹¤²ÄÁÏ£¬ÔÚʹÓùý³ÌÖмÓÇ¿¹ÜÀí£¬¾¡Á¿½ÚÔ¼¡¢ºÏÀí¿ÆѧʹÓÃÊ©¹¤²ÄÁÏ;ÆäÈýÊÇÒª¶¨ÆÚ¼ì²éÊ©¹¤²ÄÁϵÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍÔËÓóÉЧ£¬ÌÔÌ­ÖÊÁ¿³öÏÖÎÊÌâµÄÊ©¹¤²ÄÁÏ£¬ÑÏÃܼà¿ØÊ©¹¤½ø³Ì¡£¶ÔÊ©¹¤ÉèÊ©µÄ¼à¹ÜÒ²Ò»Ñù£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤Ç°ÆÚ×öºÃÉèÊ©µÄ¼ì²é£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤Ê¹Óùý³ÌÖУ¬Òª¼°Ê±µÄά»¤ºÍ¹ÜÀí£¬¶Ô³öÏÖ¹ÊÕÏ»úÆ÷ÉèÊ©Òª¼°Ê±Éϱ¨Î¬ÐÞ£¬È·±£Ê©¹¤½ø¶ÈºÍÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¡£³ý´ËÖ®Í⣬»¹Òª¹ÜÀíºÃÊ©¹¤¼¼Êõ£¬¶ÔÔÚÖ°µÄÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±Òª×öºÃ¶¨ÆÚµÄÅàѵ£¬Öð²½Ç¿»¯Æäרҵʩ¹¤¼¼ÄÜ£¬²¢ÖØÊÓÐÂÊ©¹¤ÀíÄîºÍ˼ÏëµÄÉø͸£¬·á¸»Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄ×ÛºÏËØÑø¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÔÚÊ©¹¤Ê±£¬Ê©¹¤ÆóÒµ¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÈ¡ÏàÓ¦µÄ½±³Í»úÖÆ£¬¶Ô±íÏÖÓÅÒìµÄÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÓèÒÔ½±Àø£¬¶Ô¾­³£³öÏÖ´íÎóµÄÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±ÓèÒÔ´¦·££¬´Ó¶øÌáÉýÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄ¹¤×÷»ý¼«ÐԺ͹¤×÷ÈÈÇ飬Ϊʩ¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíЧ¹ûµÄÌáÉýµì¶¨¼áʵµÄ»ù´¡£¬±£ÕÏÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿ºÍÊ©¹¤°²È«¡£

4½áÓï

ÔÚÎÒ¹úÐÂʱÆڵijÇÊл¯½¨Éè½ø³ÌÖУ¬ÈºÖÚÔ½À´Ô½ÖØÊÓ³ÇÊеĻ·¾³¹æ»®£¬Õâ¾ÍÖÂʹ԰ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÔ½À´Ô½ÖØÒª¡£¶ÔÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³Ì¶øÑÔ£¬ÆäÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿Ò²»áÖ±½ÓÓ°Ïì³ÇÊеÄÕûÌåÐÎÏóºÍ·¢Õ¹½ø³Ì£¬Ê©¹¤Æó?I¾ÍÐèÒªÖØÊÓÆäÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤µÄÇ°ÆÚ×¼±¸½×¶Î¡¢Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí»úÖƵĽ¨Á¢½¡È«ÒÔ¼°Ê©¹¤È«¹ý³Ìʵʩ¸ßЧµÄ¼à¹ÜºÍ°Ñ¿Ø£¬Öð²½ÒýÓÃеĹÜÀí¼¼Äܺ͹ÜÀíÀíÄÓÅ»¯Êµ¼ÊÔ°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤Ð§¹û£¬ÎªÏÖ´ú»¯µÄ³ÇÊн¨Éèµì¶¨¼áʵµÄ»ù´¡£¬Îª±£»¤ÈËÃǵÄÉú»î»·¾³¹±Ï×Ò»·ÝÁ¦Á¿¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

[1]Õų¤´æ.Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÓë¿ØÖÆ[J].ÏÖ´úÎïÒµ£¨ÖÐÑ®¿¯£©£¬2019£¨3£©

[2]¿×µÂ½ð.Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÓë¿ØÖÆ[J].סլÓë·¿µØ²ú£¬2018£¨36£©

[3]ÕÅ´ºÑà.Ô°ÁÖÂÌ»¯¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÓëÑø»¤¹ÜÀí²ßÂÔ̽ÌÖ[J].¼ÛÖµ¹¤³Ì£¬2018£¨24£©