ÕªÒª£º½üЩÄêÀ´£¬¹¤³ÌÔì¼ÛÔÚ¹¤³ÌÖеÄ×÷ÓÃÔ½À´Ô½ÖØÒª£¬¹¤³ÌÔì¼ÛµÄÏà¹ØÒµÎñÖð½¥Êܵ½ÖØÊÓ¡£ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Û¹ÜÀíÊÇÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÖØÒªµÄ¼¼Êõ²¿·Ö£¬ÊÇÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌµÄÖØÖÐÖ®ÖØ¡£±¾ÎľÍÊǸù¾Ýµ±Ç°ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌµÄÆÕ±éÎÊÌâÀ´½øÐÐÏàÓ¦µÄ´¦Àí£¬²¢¶Ô¾ßÌåµÄ¶Ô²ß½øÐÐÏêϸµÄÃèÊöÒÔ¼°Ñо¿¡£Ï£Íû±¾ÎÄ¿ÉÒÔ¶Ô¸÷ÊÐÕþÆóÒµÓаïÖú¡£

¹Ø¼ü´Ê£ºÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ì£»Ôì¼Û£»Ê§¿Ø£»Ô­Òò£»¶Ô²ß

1ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌʵʩÔì¼Û¿ØÖƵÄÖØÒªÐÔ

ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Û¿ØÖƵŤ×÷¿ªÕ¹£¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧ½µµÍÒòΪÔì¼Û¿ØÖƲ»µ±¶øÔì³É¹¤³Ì·µ¹¤¼°Éè¼Æ±ä¸üµÈÇé¿öµÄ³öÏÖ¡£ÔÚÊÐÕþÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐÈô³öÏÖÉè¼Æ±ä¸ü»ò¹¤³Ì·µ¹¤µÈÎÊÌ⣬»á¼Ó´óÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼ÛµÄ³É±¾£¬¶ÔÊÐÕþÏîÄ¿ºóÆÚ˳ÀûµÄ¿ªÕ¹¼«Îª²»Àû¡£ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Û¿ØÖƵŤ×÷¿ªÕ¹£¬Äܹ»½«ÆóҵͶÈëÏîÄ¿µÄ×ʽðºÏÀí¹æ»®£¬²¢ºÏÀíµÄÓÅ»¯ÅäÖòÆÁ¦¡¢ÎïÁ¦ºÍÈËÁ¦µÈ×ÊÔ´£¬Ê¹ÆóҵʵÏÖ¾­¼ÃЧÒæ×î´ó»¯¡£ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔÚʵ¼ÊµÄ½¨ÉèÖУ¬ÒòΪ²¿·ÖÊ©¹¤ÆóÒµÔÚÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½Ã滹δÓÐÍêÉƵÄÖƶȣ¬¼«Ò×Ôì³É²»Ã÷È·¹¤³ÌÄ¿±ê£¬×ʽ𲻵±µÄʹÓõÈÇé¿ö£¬Í¨¹ýÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Û¿ØÖƹ¤×÷µÄ¿ªÕ¹£¬´Ë·½Ãæ¾ßÓеÄÎÊÌâÄܹ»µÃµ½ÓÐЧµÄ½â¾ö£¬È·±£ÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ì˳ÀûµÄ½øÐУ¬´Ó¶øʹÆóҵʵÏֿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄÄ¿µÄ¡£

2ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Ûʧ¿ØµÄÔ­Òò

2.1»ú¹¹Öصþ¡£¾¡¹ÜºÜ¶àÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤ÆóÒµÒѾ­½øÐÐÁËһϵÁеÄÖØ×飬µ«ÔÚ»ú¹¹ÉèÖ÷½ÃæÈÔÈ»´æÔÚ½»²æÖصþµÄÇé¿ö£¬¹ÜÀíÖ°ÔðµÄ»®·Ö²»¹»ÇåÎúºÍÃ÷È·£¬ºÜÈÝÒ×Ôì³É²ÆÎñ¹ÜÀíʧ¿ØµÄÏÖÏ󣬲¢ÇÒºÜÄÑÕÒµ½Ïà¹ØÔðÈÎÈË£¬´ó´ó½µµÍÁËÆóÒµµÄ°ìÊÂЧÂʺ͹ÜÀíЧ¹û¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÔÚºËËã²ÆÎñʱÈÝÒ׳öÏÖ½»²æÉϱ¨ºÍ¶àÍ·Éϱ¨µÄÎÊÌ⣬¸´ÔÓµÄÉϱ¨³ÌÐòµ¼ÖÂÎÞ·¨¼°Ê±Éϱ¨¾ö²ßËùÐèµÄÊý¾ÝÐÅÏ¢£¬Ê¹ºÏִͬÐеÄЧÂÊ´ó´òÕÛ¿Û£¬²¢Ôì³ÉÖƶÈȱ·¦Ö´ÐÐÁ¦¡£ÉõÖÁ²¿·ÖÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ìµ¥Î»µÄÏîÄ¿²¿»¹»á½øÐаµÏä²Ù×÷£¬Ó뵥λ"³ª·´µ÷"£¬´ó´óÔö¼ÓÁ˹ÜÀíµÄÄѶȡ£

2.2Ê©¹¤½×¶Î´æÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄÎÊÌâ¡£³ýÁËÉè¼Æ½×¶Î£¬ÔÚÊ©¹¤½×¶Î»¹´æÔÚһЩÎÊÌ⣬¼´Ê©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿ºÍÊ©¹¤°²È«¡£Ó°ÏìÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿µÄÖ÷ÒªÒòËØÊÇÊ©¹¤²ÄÁϺÍÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄ¼¼Êõˮƽ¡£Ó°ÏìÊ©¹¤°²È«µÄÖ÷ÒªÒòËØÊǸ÷ÖÖ°²È«É豸ºÍÊ©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄ°²È«Òâʶ¡£ÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ì²ÄÁÏÊÇÓ°ÏìÏîÄ¿Ôì¼ÛµÄ×îÖØÒªÒòËØÖ®Ò»£¬´ó²¿·Ö×ʽðÓÃÓÚ¹ºÂò²ÄÁÏ¡£ÓÉÓÚÊг¡¼Û¸ñ¸¡¶¯ºÍÈËΪÒòËصĿØÖÆ£¬ÓÃÓÚ¹ºÂòÎïÁϵÄ×ʽð¹ý¶à¡£ÆäÖÐһЩÈË»¨Á˺ܶàÇ®£¬µ«Ã»ÓйºÂòÏàÓ¦µÄÓÅÖÊÉÌÆ·£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÆÕ±éµÄÎÊÌâ¡£»¹ÓÐÓÃÓÚÈ˹¤³É±¾µÄ×ʽð£¬ÕâЩ×ʽðÓÃÓÚÖ§¸¶Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄ¹¤×Ê£¬²¢ÇÒÒ²ÔÚÔì¼Û¿ØÖÆ·¶Î§ÄÚ¡£³ýÖÊÁ¿Í⣬ÔÚÊ©¹¤½×¶ÎµÄ¹ÜÀíÖл¹±ØÐë×¢ÒâÊ©¹¤°²È«£¬·ñÔò»áÔì³ÉÎÞ·¨Íì»ØµÄºó¹û£¬ÕâÍùÍù»áÓÉÓÚȱ·¦×ã¹»µÄ°²È«Òâʶ¶øÍþвµ½Ê©¹¤ÈËÔ±µÄÉúÃü°²È«¡£Ê©¹¤ÈËԱȱ·¦×ã¹»µÄ°²È«ÉèÊ©À´±£Ö¤°²È«£¬Òò´ËÐèÒª´ÓÕâЩ·½Ãæ½â¾öÏÖÓеÄÎÊÌâ¡£

2.3Ê©¹¤¹ÜÀí²»µ±¡£Ê©¹¤½×¶ÎµÄ³É±¾¹ÜÀíºÍ¿ØÖÆÄÜÓÐЧ½µµÍÕû¸öÏîÄ¿µÄÔì¼Û¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Ïֽ׶ÎÊ©¹¤½×¶ÎµÄÔì¼Û¹ÜÀí»¹²»¹»ÍêÉÆ£¬µ¼ÖÂÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Ûʧ¿Ø¡£È罨É赥λ¶Ô¹¤³ÌÔì¼Û¹ÜÀíÒâʶµ­±¡£¬¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±¶ÔÔì¼Û¹ÜÀíµÄÖØÒªÐÔÖØÊÓ²»¹»¡£ÔÚ¾ßÌåÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Ã»ÓÐÏà¹ØµÄ³É±¾¿ØÖÆÖƶÈÖ¸Òý£¬¹ÜÀíÈËԱҲûÓвÉÈ¡´ëÊ©½øÐгɱ¾¿ØÖÆ£¬²ÄÁÏÀË·Ñ¡¢É豸¹ÜÀí²»µ±µÈÏÖÏóʱÓз¢Éú£¬µ¼ÖÂÊ©¹¤ÆóÒµ³É±¾Ôö¼Ó£¬×îÖÕÔì¼Ûʧ¿Ø¡£

2.4³É±¾¹ÜÀí²»µ½Î»¡£Ðí¶àÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ìµ¥Î»³É±¾¹ÜÀíÌåϵ²»ÍêÉÆ£¬³É±¾¹ÜÀíÖƶÈÓëʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÍѽڣ¬Ôì³É³É±¾¹ÜÀí²»µ½Î»£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵³É±¾¹ÜÀí¿ÉÄÜÖ»ÊÇÐÎʽ»¯µÄÒ»ÖÖ·½Ê½£¬¶ÔÓÚÆóÒµÏîÄ¿µÄÕæÕýʵʩÂäʵ¸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÆðµ½ÈκεÄ×÷Óá£ÏîĿʵʩǰÎÞ·¨¶Ô³É±¾ÐÅÏ¢×ö³öºÏÀíÔ¤²â£¬¹ý³ÌÖÐÎÞ·¨¶Ôʵ¼Ê·¢Éú³É±¾ÐγÉ׼ȷ·ÖÎö£¬´Ó¶øʹµÃ¸÷Ïî³É±¾·ÑÓ÷ѵÈÄÑÒԵõ½ÓÐЧµÄ¿ØÖÆ£¬³öÏÖ×ÊÔ´ÀË·ÑÎÞ·¨¼°Ê±·¢ÏÖ²¢ÖÆÖ¹µÄÏÖÏó£¬ÕâÑù¶ÔÓÚÕû¸öÆóÒµµÄÊ©¹¤Ð§Ò涼ÓÐÁËÒ»¶¨µÄËðʧ¡£

3¼ÓÇ¿ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Û¿ØÖƵĶԲß

3.1Ç¿»¯Ô¤Ëã¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷¡£Ô¤Ë㹤×÷¶ÔÓÚÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ìµ¥Î»µÄ·¢Õ¹ÓÐ׿«ÆäÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óá£Ðí¶àÆóÒµÔÚ½øÐÐһЩ¹¤³Ì½¨Éèʱ£¬±ØÐëÒª¾­¹ýÓÐЧµÄÔ¤Ëã²ÅÄܹ»ÕæÕýµÄ½øÐÐʵʩ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÆóÒµ±ØÐëÒªÒÔÏîÄ¿Ä¿±êÀûÈóΪµ¼Ïò£¬¿Æѧ±àÖÆÏîÄ¿Ô¤Ë㣬ÌرðÊDzÆÎñÔ¤Ë㣬ȷ¶¨Ô¤ËãÖ¸±êÌåϵ¡£ÆóÒµÒªÒÔÕû¸öÏîÄ¿Ê©¹¤½ø¶ÈΪ¿¼Á¿£¬½áºÏ×ÔÉí×ʽðÇé¿ö£¬±àÖÆ×ʽðÊÕÖ§Ô¤Ë㣬¸ù¾ÝÏîÄ¿Ä¿±êÀûÈó±àÖÆÊ©¹¤³É±¾Ô¤Ë㣬½«²ÄÁÏ¡¢»úе¡¢È˹¤ÒÔ¼°Ïà¹Ø¼ä½Ó·ÑÓõÈÈ«²¿ÄÉÈëÆäÖУ¬±àÖÆÏÖ½ðÔ¤ËãºÍ³É±¾Ô¤Ë㣬ÔÚ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬¸ù¾ÝÇé¿öµÄ±ä»¯£¬¼°Ê±¶ÔÔ¤ËãÆ«²î×ö³öµ÷Õû¡£Í¨¹ýÕâһϵÁеĴëÊ©À´²»¶ÏµØÇ¿»¯Ô¤Ëã¹ÜÀí¡¢ÂäʵԤË㣬²¢ÇÒÒª¶¨ÆÚ¿¼ºËÏîÄ¿Ô¤ËãÖ´ÐÐÇé¿ö£¬¶ÔÏîÄ¿¼°ÏîÄ¿Ö÷Òª¹ÜÀíÈËԱʵʩÏàÓ¦µÄ½±³Í´ëÊ©£¬ÈÃÔ¤Ëã¹ÜÀíΪÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·¢»Ó³öÕæÕýµÄ×÷Óã¬ÕâÑù¾ÍÄܹ»¸ü¼ÓÓÐЧµØÌá¸ßÕû¸öÔ¤ËãµÄ¹ÜÀí¡£

3.2ͳһ¼¯ÖÐ×ʽð¹ÜÀí¡£¶Ô×ʽð½øÐÐͳһ¼¯ÖеĹÜÀíÄܹ»ÓÐЧµØ¶Ô×ʽð½øÐÐÈ«·½Î»µÄ¿ØÖÆÓë¼à¶½¡£ÀýÈçÔÚÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ìµ¥Î»µ±ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÉèÁ¢×ʽð½áËãÖÐÐÄ»òÊDzÆÎñ¹«Ë¾£¬½øÐÐ×ʽðµÄ¼¯ÖйÜÀí¡¢Í³Ò»µ÷¼Á£¬ÕâÑùÒ²ÓÐÖúÓÚÆóÒµ¹ÜÀíÈËԱͨ¹ý¶Ô×ʽð½øÐÐÑϸñµÄ¼à¶½ºÍ¿ØÖÆ£¬ÓÐЧµÄ½â¾öÁËÆóÒµ¸öÌåÏîÄ¿³öÏÖ×ʽðÏÐÖûòÊDz»×ãµÄÎÊÌ⡣ͬʱͨ¹ýÕâÑùµÄ·½Ê½£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ±ÜÃâŲÓÃ×ʽð¡¢ÍÏÑÓ¸¶¿î»òÊÇÆäËûÎÊÌâµÄ³öÏÖ¡£´ËÍ⣬ÆóÒµÒ²ÒªºÏÀíµÄÖƶ¨×ʽð¹ÜÀíÖƶȣ¬Ã÷È·×ʽð¹ÜÀíȨÏÞ£¬Í¨¹ýÕâÑùµÄ´ëÊ©£¬À´²»¶ÏµÄ¶Ô×ʽð½øÐйÜÀí¡£

3.3¼ÓÇ¿ºÍ¹æ·¶²ÆÕþ×ʽð¹ÜÀí£¬È·±£²ÆÕþ×ʽðµÄºÏÀíÓÐЧʹÓ᣼ÓÇ¿µ¥Î»¹ÜÀíÖƶȵĽ¨É裬½øÒ»²½Ç¿»¯×¨Ïî×ʽðÔ¤ËãÖ´ÐС¢×ʽðʹÓÃЧÒæºÍ²ÆÎñ¹ÜÀíµÈ¼à¶½¼ì²é£¬¶ÔÌá¸ß²ÆÕþרÏî×ʽðµÄ¹ÜÀíʹÓÃЧÒæºÍˮƽÆðמö¶¨ÐÔµÄ×÷Ó㺢ÙÍêÉÆרÏî×ʽðÐÅÏ¢¹«¿ª»úÖÆ£¬Ö÷¶¯½ÓÊÜÉç»á¼à¶½¡£¢Ú½¨Á¢×¨Ïî×ʽð¼¨Ð§ÆÀ¼ÛÖƶȡ£²¢°Ñ¼¨Ð§ÆÀ¼Û½á¹û×÷ΪԤËã°²ÅÅ¡¢×ʽð·ÖÅäµÄÒÀ¾Ý£¬×î´óÏ޶ȵط¢»Ó²ÆÕþ×ʽðʹÓÃЧÂÊ¡£¢Û¼ÓÇ¿ÖصãרÏî×ʽð¼à¶½¹ÜÀí¡£½øÒ»²½Ç¿»¯ÊÂÇ°ºÍÊÂÖмල£¬Í»³öÇ¿»¯¶ÔÖصãרÏî×ʽð½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿×ʽðµÈµÄ¼à¶½¹ÜÀí£¬¸ú×ÙÂäʵרÏî×ʽð·ÖÅ䡢ʹÓᢹÜÀí¡¢¼¨Ð§µÈÇé¿ö£¬È·±£²ÆÕþ×ʽðµÄ¹ÜÀíÓëʹÓõĹ淶ÐÔ¡¢°²È«ÐÔºÍÓÐЧÐÔ¡£

3.4¹¹½¨È«·½Î»³É±¾¹ÜÀí¡£³É±¾¹ÜÀíÒªÔÚÏîÄ¿ÂäʵÒÔ¼°½¨ÉèµÄ¹ý³Ìµ±ÖÐÆ𵽹ؼüµÄ×÷Óá£Ê×ÏÈÒª½¨Á¢Ò»Ì×ÍêÕûµÄ¿É²Ù×÷µÄÆóÒµ³É±¾¹ÜÀíÖƶȼ°Ö´Ðп¼ºËÖƶȣ¬Æä´ÎÒª¸ù¾Ý³É±¾Êµ¼Ê·¢ÉúÇé¿ö£¬¼°Ê±×¼È·¹é¼¯¸÷Ïî³É±¾·ÑÓ㬲¢½¨Á¢ÏàÓ¦³É±¾ºËËãÃ÷ϸ±¨±í£¬¸ù¾Ý±¨±íÄܹ»ÇåÎú·´Ó¦³öÏîÄ¿³É±¾µÄ·¢Éú¼°·ÖÀàÇé¿ö£¬È»ºóÓëÏîÄ¿Ä¿±ê³É±¾½øÐжԱȷÖÎö¡£Í¨¹ýÕâÑùµÄ·½Ê½¿ÉÒÔÓÐЧµØ¶Ô³É±¾½øÐйÜÀí£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²Äܹ»Èóɱ¾¹ÜÀí¶ÔÕû¸öÏîÄ¿µÄʵʩÆðµ½Ò»¶¨µÄ´Ù½ø×÷Óã¬Äܹ»¼°Ê±·¢ÏÖÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖи÷Ïî³É±¾½Ú³¬Çé¿ö£¬²¢¼°Ê±¶Ô³É±¾½ÚÔ¼Çé¿ö·ÖÎöÍƹ㼰¶Ô³É±¾³¬Ö§ÎÊÌâ½øÐоÀÆ«¡£

3.5¼ÓÇ¿Ê©¹¤½×¶ÎµÄÔì¼Û¹ÜÀí¡£Á¼ºÃµÄÊ©¹¤ÖÊÁ¿¶ÔÔì¼Û¹ÜÀí·Ç³£ÖØÒª£¬ÄÜÓÐЧ½µµÍ¹¤³Ì½¨Éè³É±¾¡£Èç¹û³öÏÖ·µ¹¤·½ÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬³É±¾»áÌá¸ßºÜ¶à£¬ËùÒÔÓбØÒª¶ÔÕâÖÖÍ»·¢ÊÂÇé½øÐÐÔ¤·À¡£Ô¤·À·µ¹¤µÄ×îºÃ·½·¨ÊÇÑϸñ°´ÕÕ¼¼Êõ±ê×¼½øÐУ¬Ö»ÓÐÕýÈ·½øÐÐÉú²ú¾­Óª£¬¹¤³Ì²ÅÄÜÓиüºÃµÄ±£ÕÏ¡£Ò»·½Ã棬ʩ¹¤ÈËÔ±Òª»ý¼«ÅäºÏ¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±×öºÃÊ©¹¤¹ý³ÌÖеijɱ¾¿ØÖÆ£¬ÏîÄ¿×ܼàºÍÏîÄ¿¼àÀíÈËÔ±Òª»ý¼«¿ªÕ¹³É±¾¹ÜÀí£¬Ìá¸ß³É±¾¹ÜÀíЧ¹û¡£Ê©¹¤·½°¸µÄÓÅ»¯Ñ¡ÔñÊÇÊ©¹¤ÆóÒµ½µµÍ¹¤³ÌÔì¼ÛµÄ×îÖ÷Ҫ;¾¶¡£¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±Ó¦Öƶ¨Ê©¹¤¼Æ»®£¬¸ù¾ÝºÏͬ¹¤ÆÚ£¬×ۺϿ¼Âǹ¤³Ì¹æÄ£¡¢¸ß¶È¡¢½á¹¹¡¢³¡µØÌõ¼þ¡¢ÆóÒµ»úеÉ豸¡¢ÈËÔ±ËØÖʵÈÒòËØÖƶ¨¸÷ÖÖÊ©¹¤·½°¸£¬±È½Ï¡¢Ñ¡ÔñÏȽø¡¢¾­¼Ã¡¢ºÏÀíµÄÊ©¹¤·½°¸¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÕßÓ¦¸ù¾Ý¹¤³Ìʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö£¬½¨Á¢¹¤³Ì²ÄÁÏ¡¢É豸¼Û¸ñ¶¯Ì¬¹ÜÀíÊý¾Ý¿â£¬¼ÓÇ¿¶ÔÊ©¹¤É豸¡¢²ÄÁϵĹÜÀí¡£±ÈÈ磬ÔÚ²ÄÁϼ۸ñÏà¶Ô½ÏµÍµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»¿ÉÒԲɹº²ÄÁϺÍÉ豸¡£´ËÍ⣬¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±ÒªÑϸñ¿ØÖƲÄÁÏÉ豸³öÈë¿â¹ý³Ì£¬¼ÓÇ¿²ÄÁÏÉ豸¹ÜÀí¡£Í¬Ê±£¬Ôì¼Û¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±µÄÖ°ÒµËØÖÊÒ²ºÜÖØÒª£¬Ê©¹¤µ¥Î»Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐÊ©¹¤ÏÖ³¡µÄÔì¼ÛÅàѵ¹¤×÷£¬Ê¹Æäרҵ¼¼Êõ֪ʶµÃÒÔÌáÉý£¬É¹ÜÀíÕß֪ʶ½á¹¹¡£

3.6ÑϸñÖ´Ðбê×¼£¬½µµÍ·µ¹¤Çé¿öµÄ·¢Éú¡£·µ¹¤Êǹ¤³Ì½¨ÉèÖбØÐëÃæ¶ÔµÄÎÊÌâÖ®Ò»¡£Èç¹û³öÏÖ·µ¹¤·½ÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬Ôì¼Û»áÌá¸ßºÜ¶à£¬ËùÒÔÓбØÒª¶ÔÕâÖÖÍ»·¢ÊÂÇé½øÐÐÔ¤·À¡£Ô¤·À·µ¹¤µÄ×îºÃ·½·¨ÊÇÑϸñ°´ÕÕ¼¼Êõ±ê×¼½øÐУ¬Ö»ÓÐÕýÈ·½øÐÐÉú²ú¾­Óª£¬¹¤³Ì²ÅÄÜÓиüºÃµÄ±£ÕÏ¡£»ìÄýÍÁÔÚ¹¤×÷ÖУ¬Òª×¢Òâ±£Ö¤ÏîÄ¿µÄ»ù±¾½ø¶ÈºÍÏîÄ¿µÄ˳Àû½øÐУ¬´Ó¶øʹ¹¤³Ì¾ßÓÐÏàÓ¦µÄ»ù´¡£¬ÕâÑùÔì¼ÛÒ²½µµÍÁË¡£¼ò¶øÑÔÖ®£¬½µµÍÔì¼ÛµÄ·½·¨Óкܶࡣ×÷Ϊһ¸öÆóÒµ»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬½¨ÉèÔì¼ÛÊÇÈç´ËÖØÒª£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÏë³öÐí¶à·½·¨À´¹ÜÀíËü£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ±ØÈ»£¬Ò²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖʱ´úÇ÷ÊÆ¡£¾¡¿ÉÄܶàµØ¼õÉÙÖ§³ö£¬¾¡¿ÉÄÜÌá¸ßЧÂʺÍÖÊÁ¿£¬Õâ²ÅÊÇÎÒÃǵÄ×îÖÕÄ¿µÄ¡£Öƶ¨Ê©¹¤¼Æ»®¸ù¾ÝºÏͬ¹¤ÆÚ£¬×ۺϿ¼Âǹ¤³Ì¹æÄ£¡¢¸ß¶È¡¢½á¹¹¡¢³¡µØÌõ¼þ¡¢ÆóÒµ»úеÉ豸¡¢ÈËÔ±ËØÖʵÈÒòËØÖƶ¨¸÷ÖÖÊ©¹¤·½°¸£¬±È½Ï¡¢Ñ¡ÔñÏȽø¡¢¾­¼Ã¡¢ºÏÀíµÄÊ©¹¤·½°¸¡£½µµÍ¹¤³ÌÔì¼ÛµÄÁíÒ»¸ö;¾¶ÊÇʵʩ¼¼Êõ±ê×¼£¬Í¨¹ýÏȽø¼¼Êõ»ñµÃ¾­¼ÃЧÒæ¡£¼¼Êõ±ê×¼°üÀ¨£ºÖÊÁ¿±£Ö¤´ëÊ©¡¢Ê©¹¤°²È«´ëÊ©¡¢½µµÍÔì¼Û´ëÊ©¡¢¼¾½ÚÐÔÊ©¹¤µÄ´ëÊ©¡¢·ÀÖ¹»·¾³ÎÛȾ´ëÊ©¡£¿ªÊ¼¹¤×÷Ç°¸ù¾Ý¹¤³ÌÇé¿öÖƶ¨¼¼Êõ×éÖ¯´ëÊ©£¬×÷Ϊ½µµÍÔì¼Û¼Æ»®µÄÖ¸±êÖ®Ò»£¬ÄÉÈëÊ©¹¤×éÖ¯Éè¼ÆÖУ¬Éè¼Æ²Ù×÷Éæ¼°µ½Ã¿¸öÉú²ú¹ý³ÌµÄʵʩ£¬Ä¿µÄÊÇ´ÓÊ©¹¤¹ÜÀíÉϽµµÍÉú²úÔì¼ÛºÍ¹Ì¶¨Ôì¼Û£¬Ìá¸ßÉú²úÁ¦ºÍ×éÖ¯¹ÜÀíµÄ·ÇÉú²úÐÔÖ§³ö¡£¹¤³Ì¼¼ÊõÈËÔ±¡¢²ÄÁÏÈËÔ±¡¢ÏÖ³¡¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±Ó¦·Ö¹¤Ã÷È·£¬¸÷×Ô¸ºÔð×Ô¼ºµÄÔðÈΣ¬ÊµÏÖ¹¤³ÌµÄÔ¤ÆÚ½á¹û¡£

3.7ÐÐÕþÖ÷¹Ü²¿ÃżÓÇ¿ÕÐͶ±ê¹ÜÀí£¬´ïµ½¶ÔÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼ÛµÄ¹ÜÀí¡£ÐÐÕþ£¨ÊÂÒµ£©Ö÷¹Ü²¿ÃŶÔÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Û¼ÓÇ¿¹ÜÀí£¬·ÀÖ¹ÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÔì¼Ûʧ¿Ø¡£ºÜ¶àµÄÊÐÕþ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿±È½Ï¾Þ´ó£¬Ò²´æÔںܶàµÄÊ©¹¤·½£¬Òò´ËÇ°ÆÚÕÐͶ±ê¹¤×÷ÖУ¬¶ÔÓÚͶ±êµ¥Î»µÄ¼ø±ðÓÐÀûÓÚ¹¤³ÌµÄ˳Àû¿ªÕ¹¡£ÕбêµÄ¹ý³ÌÊÇ·ñ¹æ·¶Ö±½ÓÓ°ÏìͶ±êµÄ×îÖÕ½á¹û£¬¹ú¼ÒÏà¹Ø²¿ÃÅÒª¼Ó´ó¶ÔÕбêÊг¡µÄ¼à¹Ü£¬·¢ÏÖÎ¥·¨ÐÐΪÑÏËà´¦Àí£¬Õб굥λҪ¼Ó´óÈËÁ¦ÎïÁ¦Í¶·Å£¬¶Ô½øÐÐͶ±êµÄÆóÒµ×öºÃµ÷²é£¬¶ÔÓÚ²»ºÏ¸ñµÄÆóÒµÌáÇ°½øÐд¦Àí£¬Ñϸñ°Ñ¿ØÕбê»ú¹¹Ãż÷¡£¹æ·¶¾»»¯ÕÐͶ±êÊг¡µÄ»·¾³£¬¿ÉÒÔÍêÉÆÉç»áÖ÷Òå¾­¼ÃÌåÖÆ£¬Ô¤·ÀºÍµÖÖƸ¯°ÜÏÖÏó£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¼þÀû¹úÀûÃñµÄºÃÊ£º¢Ù´ÙʹÕÐͶ±êÊг¡¸ü¼Ó¹æ·¶¡£¾ÍijÖֽǶȶøÑÔ£¬¹¤³ÌÕÐͶ±êÊг¡µÄ¹æ·¶Óë·ñÖ±½Ó¾ö¶¨×ÅÕÐͶ±êÊÇ·ñÄܹ»ÌåÏÖ¹«Æ½£¬Òò´ËÐèÒªÒýÆð×ã¹»µÄÖØÊÓ¡£ÐèÒªÔÚ·ÖÎöµ±ÏÂÊг¡»·¾³µÄÇ°ÌáϽáºÏÒÔÍùµÄ¾­ÑéÓëÀíÂÛÀ´¹æ·¶µ±ÏÂÊг¡¡£¼ÓÇ¿¼ì²éÒÔ¼°¼à¶½£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÕë¶Ô¿ÉÄܳöÏÖÎÊÌâµÄ»·½Ú½øÐÐÑϸñµÄ°Ñ¿Ø£¬È·±£¸÷Ïî»·½Ú¾ùÄܹ»ÒÀ¾Ý¹æ¶¨Á÷³Ì½øÐС£¢Ú¹æ·¶ÕÐͶ±êÆÀÉó¡£ÎªÁË´ÙʹÆÀ±ê¸ü¼Óרҵ¡¢¿Æѧ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿¼Âǽ¨Á¢×¨¼ÒÆÀ±êÖƶȣ¬Æ¸ÇëÒµÄÚÓÐÓ°ÏìÁ¦µÄר¼Ò¸ºÔðÆÀ±ê£¬½ø¶ø´ÙʹÆÀ±êµÄ¹ÜÀí¸ü¼ÓÍêÉÆ£¬¶ÔÓÚÓ°ÏìÆÀ±ê¹«Æ½ÐÔµÄÐÐΪ½øÐÐÑÏÀ÷µÄ´¦·£¡£ÔÚ¾ßÌåµÄÆÀ±ê½×¶Î£¬ÐèҪȷ±£¶à·½ÃæµÄ¹«¿ªÍ¸Ã÷¡¢¹«ÕýÐÔ¡£²»¹ÜÊÇÔÚ˼ÏëÉÏ£¬ÒÖ»òÊÇÐÐΪ¾ÙÖ¹·½Ãæ¾ùÐèҪȷ±£Æ½µÈ£¬ÒÔ±ã¸÷·½Äܹ»¹«Æ½ÓÐЧµØµÃµ½ÕбêÐÅÏ¢¡£Èκε¥Î»¾ù½ûÖ¹·Ç·¨ÏÞÖÆÕб꣬Ëùʵ¼ÊʹÓõÄÆÀ±êÐÎʽÒÔ¼°±ê×¼¹æ¶¨¾ùÐèҪǡµ±¿Æѧ£¬²¢ÇÒÐèÒªÔÚÕбêÎļþÖÐÃ÷È·£¬Ò»µ©·¢ÏÖ·Ç·¨´Û¸ÄµÄÇé¿ö¾ùÐèÒª¼Ç¹ý´¦Àí¡£¢Û²»¶ÏÍêÉÆÎÒ¹úÊÐÕþÊг¡µÄ·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æÌåϵ£¬ÓÐÀûÓÚ´Ù½øÊÐÕþÊг¡µÄ½øÒ»²½ÓÅ»¯¡£¾ÍÄ¿Ç°Çé¿ö¶øÑÔ£¬ÎÒ¹úÏàÓ¦µÄ·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ»¹Óдý½øÒ»²½ÍêÉÆ£¬¼´ÒªÈ«Ãæ¼à¶½ºÍÓÅ»¯ÎÒ¹úÊÐÕþÊг¡£¬ÐèÒª½¨Á¢½¡È«µÄÔËÐлúÖÆ¡£ÍêÉƵķ¨ÂÉ·¨¹æÌåϵ²»½ö¿ÉÒÔ´Ù½øÊг¡µÄÔËÐУ¬¶øÇÒ¿ÉÒÔÓÐЧµØ¹æ·¶¹úÄÚ¹¤³ÌÕÐͶ±êÏîÄ¿µÄÓÐЧʵʩ¡£

4½áÓï

×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬¾­¼ÃÊг¡¾ºÕùÈÕÒ漤ÁÒ£¬Ò»¸öÆóÒµÒªÏëÉú´æ·¢Õ¹£¬¾Í±ØÐëÒªÓг¤Ô¶µÄÑ۹⣬¹âÓÐÐÛºñµÄ×ʽðÊÇÔ¶Ô¶²»¹»µÄ£¬»¹ÒªÓÐÏà¹ØµÄרҵ¼¼Êõ»ýÀÛ£¬¶øÔÚÊÐÕþÐÐÒµÖУ¬³É±¾µÄ¿ØÖƽ«Ö±½ÓÓ°Ï칫˾ÀûÈóµÄ¶àÉÙ¡£ÊÐÕþÆóÒµÒªÏë¶à׬Ǯ£¬¾ÍÒª´Ó³É±¾ÉϽøÐнµ³É±¾´ëÊ©£¬×î´óÏ޶ȵĽµµÍ¿ª·¢³É±¾£¬½ø¶ø²ÅÄÜ»ñÈ¡×î´óµÄ¾»ÀûÈó¡£

²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

[1]ÍõÌÚ£¬Ô¬ÍñÓ¨.ÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíÓëÔì¼Û¿ØÖƵÄ̽ÌÖ[J].Öйúм¼ÊõвúÆ·£¬2018£¨19£©£º122-123.

[2]»Æ¾°Æ¼.Û»ÒéÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀí¼°ÆäÔì¼Û¿ØÖÆ[J].½¨²ÄÓë×°ÊΣ¬2019£¨46£©£º206-207.

[3]ĪСºì.ÊÐÕþ¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíÓëÔì¼Û¿ØÖƵÄ̽ÌÖ[J].µÍ̼ÊÀ½ç£¬2016£¨21£©£º104-105.